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Probiotics 2 > Microbiome Overview Part 2 > Flashcards

Microbiome Overview Part 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Traditional View of Microbiome (4)

A

(1) Unavoidable expansion of microbial ecosystems in exposed body spaces
(2) Symbiotic host-microbe relationship
(3) Interface for immune recognition of microbial antigens
(4) Microbes confined by surfaces of host compartments

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2
Q

Symbiotic relationship based on

A

Accessing and processing nutrients

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3
Q

Confinement to host compartments

A

Can be disrupted and cause disease

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4
Q

Evolving view of microbiome

A

There is highly regulated microbial/host interactions and different faucets

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5
Q

Continuous and interchanging interactions between host and microbes and differences in…

A

Immunology, metabolism, neurology (behavior), co-evolution

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6
Q

Number of species in GI microbiota per individual

A

> 160 (124 studies)

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7
Q

Predominant Genera in GI microbiota

A

Firmicutes –> Bacteriodetes –> Actinobacteria –> Verrucomicrobiota

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8
Q

Types of Firmicutes

A

Lactobacillus, mycoplasma, bacillus, clostridium…

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9
Q

General of Firmicutes

A

> 250

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10
Q

Genera of Bacteroidetes

A

~20

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11
Q

Core mircobibiome

A

18 species shared in all participants in GI microbiome (huge variability)

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12
Q

Normal bacterial colonisation populated through

A

Maternal vaginal/fecal flora and oral feeding (breast vs formumla)

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13
Q

Age of complete adult colonization of gut microbiota

A

3 years

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14
Q

Factors affecting gut microbiome (7)

A

Genetics + Birth Route + Geography + Hygiene + Diet/nutrition + Stress + Drugs

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15
Q

Microbiome complexity and stability

A

Increase to adult and then decrease in elderly

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16
Q

Microbiome complexity and diversity over time in healthy (3)

A

Protects against pathogens + Train and stimulate the IS + Supply nutrients, energy, vitamins, SCFAs

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17
Q

Microbiome complexity and diversity over time due to perturbation (4)

A

Local and systemic inflammation + Oxidative stress + Increase in GNB and infection with opportunistic bacteria + altered metabolite production

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18
Q

Perturbations led to

A

Infectious disease + metabolic disease + Inflammatory disorders

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19
Q

Perturbations and IBD

A

Contributes to different stages of disease (maybe)

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20
Q

Perturbations rapidly decrease

A

Microbiome complexity and stability

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21
Q

Microbiome acquired from

A

Immediate environment after birth

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22
Q

Steps to obtaining microbiome in infant

A

1) Obtain microbes from mother and environment with mode of delivery having impact
2) Microbial succession for 1-2 years
3) Microbiome becomes adult like in 1-2 years

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23
Q

Caesarean section has microbes similar to

A

Mom’s skin

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24
Q

Mom’s body habitats

A

Very different from each other

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25
Q

Species of bacteria in baby over 1-2 years

A

Firmicutes mostly –> Actinobacteria –> Firmi and bacteriodetes but really all kinds

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26
Q

Microbiome changes with (6)

A

Age, puberty, pregnancy, diet, medical conditions and treatment, pets…

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27
Q

How the microbiome changes (4)

A

Kinds of microbes present, number of each type, relative amount of each microbe, active genes even if kind and number of microbe do not change

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28
Q

Active microbial genes usually change due to

A

Diet

29
Q

Treatment that changes microbiome

A

Antibiotics

30
Q

Human microbiome project goals

A

1) Reference set of sequences
2) Disease and microbiome changes
3) Develop technology for computational analysis
4) Establish a data analysis and coordinating center
5) Establish research repositories
6) Examine ethicals, legal, and social implications
7) Evaluate multiomic data

31
Q

Develop reference set of sequences –>

A

Preliminary characterisation of human microbiome

32
Q

Develop new technologies and tools for computational analysis

A

Need to analyze

33
Q

Establish a data analysis and coordinating center

A

Analyze in similar way so you can compare

34
Q

Establish research repository

A

Data available to different groups

35
Q

Each body part has

A

Distinct microbial community

36
Q

PCA plot

A

Shows how microbes are distinct in different body parts

37
Q

Similar microbes are in the …

A

Skin and Nasal

38
Q

Comparison of microbiome in different parts of body

A

Very different microbiomes but similar metabolic pathways so different microbes rely on same metabolic capabilities

39
Q

5 most abundant microbes in 16s RNA and metagenomic sequencing

A

Firumicutes, Bacteroidetes, Actinobacteria, protobacteria, Fusobacteria

40
Q

Number of bacteria for each cm2 of skin

A

1 million

41
Q

Number of species on skin or in deep layers

A

100-200

42
Q

Non-infectious skin pathology due to

A

imbalances in normal ecosystem

43
Q

Skin Pathology

A

Atopic dermatitis
Psoriasis
Rosacea
Acne

44
Q

P. acnes

A

Population structure different between healthy and acne cohorts

45
Q

Acne prevalence

A

85% teens

46
Q

Rosacea affects

A

3% worldwide

47
Q

Immunocompromised and skin microbiomes

A

Altered with increased colonization of pathogenic bacteria and fungi

48
Q

Novel approaches for skin

A

Therapies that restore microbiota instead of antibiotics

49
Q

Animal models to study microbiomes association with disease

A

Mouse: Liver Cirrhosis, obesity, autism, stress, non-alcholic fatty liver disease, diabetes…

50
Q

Mechanistic correlations of microbiome as whole with disease

A

Most at single species level and cannot yet tell what microbiome is causing what disease but can use info as biomarkers to detect disease

51
Q

Gastric cancer microbiome

A

Toxin-producing strains pertubation of colonic epithelium –> risk of developing malignancies but could not find what caused disease just correlation studies

52
Q

Gastric cancer microbiome value

A

Monitor microbiota, circulating metabolites, host biomarkers in healthy and diseased

53
Q

In gastric cancer, microbe populations can be

A

Disease progression indicators based on 16s rRNA analysis

54
Q

3 components that must interact for IBD

A

Environment, microbiota, genes

55
Q

IBD pathogenesis

A

Inappropriate activation of GI immune system toward a gut microbiota in susceptible host under the influence of environmental factors

56
Q

What moves the balance of pro vs anti-inflammatory bacteria in IBD?

A

Environment and genetics

57
Q

Health vs IBD

A

Balanced vs imbalanced anti vs pro inflammatory bacteria

58
Q

Noninvasive microbial ecology diagnostics

A

Looks at which phylum are more abundant per what disease

59
Q

UC toward

A

Proteobacteria

60
Q

CD toward

A

Actinobacteria

61
Q

Healthy toward

A

Bacteriodetes or Firmicutes depending on person

62
Q

Functional Bowel Disorder (FBD)

A

IBS, functional bloating, constipation, diarrhoea

63
Q

FBD changes in microbiota

A

Abnormal fermentation of dietary substances –> excess stimulation of mucosal immune system through leaky gut –> low grade inflammation, visceral hypersensitivity, and effects gut motor responses

64
Q

Immune stimulation through leaky gut…

A

Low grade inflammation, gut motor response changes, and visceral hypersensitivity

65
Q

Decreased in IBS

A

Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium

66
Q

Compromised permeability causes

A

Antigen introduction

67
Q

Microbiome plays role in

A

Immune development (HMP)

68
Q

Factors that shift microbiota found through HMP

A

Sanitisation, antibiotics, immunisations

Probiotics 2 (9 decks)

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