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Probiotics 2 > Microbiome Based Probiotics > Flashcards

Microbiome Based Probiotics Flashcards

1
Q

Shaping immune system by probiotics can lead to

A

Stimulate production of GI hormones

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2
Q

Manipulation of microbiota via passive processes

A

Hygiene, diet, lifestyle

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3
Q

Hygiene

A

Sanitary practices shift primary colonizers

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4
Q

Diet

A

Phylogenetic variations

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5
Q

Lifestyle

A

Diversity affected by physical activity (more diverse in athletes)

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6
Q

Active processes to manipulate the microbiome

A

Antibiotics and prebiotics

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7
Q

Antibiotics lead to (4)

A

Dysbiosis, low diversity, taxonomic richness, and evenness

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8
Q

Gene altering by antibiotics (3)

A

Decreased SCFA, glycolysis, vitamin production…for bacterial survival

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9
Q

Why antibiotics lead to negative effects

A

Have chemicals that inhibit specific functions in cell to stress bacteria

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10
Q

Probiotics affect host

A

Directly or through its products

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11
Q

Probiotics best studied for

A

Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium

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12
Q

Monostrain

A

Only one strain supplied

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13
Q

Multistrain

A

Several strains of different species/genera and are most products on market

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14
Q

Multistrains may have

A

Synergistic effects

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15
Q

Examples of multistrain probiotics

A

VSL#3 and EcologicRTolerance/Syngut

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16
Q

VSL#3 (7)

A

S. thermophilus, Eubacterium faecium, B. breve, B. infantis, L. acidophilus, L. Plantum, L. casei, L. delbruekii sb. bulgarisus

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17
Q

Syngut/EcologicTolerance (4)

A

B. lactis, L. acidophilus, L. pantum, L. lactis

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18
Q

Multistrains work in…

A

Healthy people, not sick

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19
Q

Probiotics isolated from commensal gut bacteria

A

Can’t be given definition of probiotics until stability, content, and health effects characterised

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20
Q

Select microbes in gut by…

A

Understanding which microbes are decreased in different diseases (chose that one to restore microbiome)

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21
Q

MAM

A

Microbial anti-inflammatory molecules

22
Q

MAM produced by

A

Faecalibacterium prausnitzii

23
Q

PSA

A

Polysaccharide A from Bacteriodes fragilis

24
Q

Lactocephin

A

Inhibitor molecule to get NfKb triggering and T-regs stimulated

25
Q

Lactocephrin produced by

A

L. paracasei

26
Q

Next Generation Probiotics

A

Develop based on epidemiological studies that find associations between specific taxa and progression from health to subclinical and clinical conditions

27
Q

Next Generation Probiotics (6)

A

Faecalibacterium prausnitizii, Akkermansia muciniphila, Bacterodies uniformis and B. fragilis, Eubacterium hallii, Clostridium clusters IV, XIVa, XVIII

28
Q

F. prausnitzii taxonomy

A

Firmicutes –> Clostridia –> Clostridiales –> Clostridiaceae (cluster IV)

29
Q

3-5% of fecal bacteria in humans

A

F. prausnitizii and A. muciniphila

30
Q

F. prausnitzii benefits

A

Decreased in CD (and IBS, UC, and colorectal cancer) –> involved in several dysbiosises

31
Q

Sensor of intestinal health

A

F. prausnitzii

32
Q

F. prausnitzii overall mechanism

A

Inhibit NfkB activation + Induce T-regs + prevent Th17 activation

33
Q

How F. prausnitzii inhibits NFkB

A

Block pro-inflammatory stimulus + butyrate production

34
Q

How F. prausnitzii activates T-regs

A

Components interact with DCs that can then go to MLN and induce + Transcytosis through M-cells into lymphoid structures + IL-10 produced by APCs

35
Q

Th17 blocking by F. prausnitzii

A

IL-10 from APCs block pro-inflammatory stimuli

36
Q

Akkermansia muciniphila Taxonomy

A

Verrucomicrobia, Verrucomicrobiae, Verucomicrobiales, Verrucomicrobiaceae

37
Q

A. muciniphila lower in (5)

A

Type 2 Diabetes, obesity, intestinal inflammation, liver disease, chronic alcohol consumption

38
Q

Adapted to a glycan-rich environment

A

A. muciniphila via mucus degrading enzymes

39
Q

How to increase A. muciniphila

A

prebiotic inulin

40
Q

Mechanism of A. muciniphila decreases

A

Thin mucus layer –> Tight junction proteins are compromised –> leaky gut so they can pass through –> LPS stimulates hepatic problems, inflammation, insulin resistance

41
Q

Mechanism of A muciniphila increases

A

Mucus thickens to strengthen tight junctions (bacteria cannot get through mucus)

42
Q

25% of our gut microbiota

A

Bacteroides species (commensals)

43
Q

Most common Bacteroides isolate

A

B. fragilis

44
Q

Roles of B. fragilis

A

PSA activates T-cells + Development of immune system homeostasis

45
Q

B. uniformis

A

Ameliorate metabolic disorders and immunological dysfunction in obese mice

46
Q

B. uniformis isolation

A

Originally from healthy baby

47
Q

Eubacterium hallii

A

Important anaerobic butyrate producer resident in out gut

48
Q

Butyrate functions

A
  1. Lower mucosal inflammation and oxidation
  2. Strengthen epithelial barrier function
  3. Modulate intestinal motility
  4. Colonocytes energy source
  5. Produce SCFA from variety of substances
49
Q

Inter-relationship between…

A

Bifidobacterium (degrade complex fibers) and Eubacterium hallii (produce butyrate from broken down complex fibers)

50
Q

Products of Bifidobacterium include

A

Formate and lactate and acetate

Probiotics 2 (9 decks)

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