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Probiotics 2 > Manipulation of Microbiome > Flashcards

Manipulation of Microbiome Flashcards

1
Q

HMP Goal

A

Define composition and complete functionality of normal microbiota in healthy individuals

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2
Q

Challenge with research on microbial composition (4)

A

1) Depends on location of subject
2) Dynamic community of microbes that change in days
3) Affected by diet, illness, travel, chemicals, antibiotics
4) Intimately related to host physiology

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3
Q

Known and unknown about microbiota and disease

A

Know certain phenotypes are linked to composition but not if they cause disease or modulate it –> Know microbiome is different but not if it causes

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4
Q

Diseases linked to different microbiomes

A

Fibromyalgia, cardiac function

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5
Q

The microbiota shows high

A

Plasticity

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6
Q

High plasticity of microbiota

A

Antimicrobials and diet cause metagenomic changes in hours and metatranscriptomic changes in minutes

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7
Q

Prebiotics

A

Nutrients promoting the growth of beneficial microbes

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8
Q

Modulate microbiota positively with

A

Prebiotics, probiotics, and pharmaceuticals

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9
Q

Microbes in stomach

A

Helicobacter, Lactobacillus, Veillonella

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10
Q

Microbes in duodenum, jejunum, Ileum

A

Bacilli, Actinobacteria, Streptococcus, Actinomycinae, Corynebacterium

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11
Q

Bacteria in colon

A

Lachnospiraceae, Bacteriodetes

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12
Q

As you go down GI tract there is an increase in

A

Diversity and number of microbes

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13
Q

Longitudinal variation of intestinal tract

A

Epithelium, mucus layer, lumen

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14
Q

In epithelium and mucus layer

A

Clostridium, Lactobacillus, Enterococcus

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15
Q

In intestinal lumen (8)

A

Bacteroides, Bifido, Clostridium, Enterococcus, Enterobacteria, Lactobacillus, Streptococcus, Rumincoccus

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16
Q

Temporal changes in microbiome

A

Increase number and diversity in first year and then numbers maintained while composition changes until death

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17
Q

Very few studies on

A

Impact of probiotics on microbiome

18
Q

Most studies show … on probiotics and changes in microbiome

A

No change in overall population for Lactobacillus or Bifido but significant health effects + probiotics dominate (see new microbe you introduced but no shift)

19
Q

Need more studies to understand interface between

A

Probiotic, host, and microbiota mechanism

20
Q

The ___ of probiotic strain is an important factor for its impact on the gut microbiome

A

Origin

21
Q

Strains of LAB isolated from human intestine classified as…

A

Autochthonous or Allochthonous

22
Q

Autochthonous

A

Bacteria naturally occurring in the GI system

23
Q

Allochthonous

A

Bacteria transiently passing in the human GI tract but cannot colonize

24
Q

Autochthonous bacteria and colonization

A

Long-term association with particular host and stable populations with characteristic size in particular region of gut

25
Q

Allochthonous bacteria might be

A

From a proximal region as auto that has dislodged or form ingested food and water

26
Q

Why it was believed Lactobaillus was dominant in the human GI tract

A

Culturable because of oxygen tolerance and Metchinkoff findings

27
Q

Bacteria with higher oxygen tolerance (4)

A

Lactobacilli, Clostridium, Enterococcus, E. coli

28
Q

Lactobacillus not dominant genera based on

A

Anaerobic culturing, Fluoresent in situ hybridization (FISH), High throughput analysis of 16S rRNA sequences

29
Q

Lactobacillus concentration…

A

Depends on isolation technique and really variable

30
Q

Anaerobic culturing showed

A

10^6-10^8/g of stool with 0.01% lactobacillus; not detectable in 25% of samples

31
Q

FISH results

A

10^6g/stoll with 0.01% lacto

32
Q

Animals that have Lactobacillus as dominant species

A

Pigs (16%) chicken (35%), rats (22%), mice (11%)

33
Q

Lactobacillus commonly detected in

A

Feces, Oral cavity, and Good

34
Q

Species in feces and oral cavity but not food

A

L. acidiophilus

35
Q

Species found in feces and food

A

L. johnsonii

36
Q

Recovery of allochthonous lactobacilli in human feces

A

Big decrease in survival when they make their way through the GI tract

37
Q

Example of most re-isolation allochthonous bacteria

A

L. rhamnosus GG

38
Q

Autochthonous and Immune System

A

Characterized by tolerance with no strong IR

39
Q

Allochthonous and Immune system

A

Characterized by stronger immune response

40
Q

Auto vs Allo?

A

Depends on objective of probiotic and one type is not perfect for every treatment

Probiotics 2 (9 decks)

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