Principles of Vaccination Flashcards
What are the characteristics of passive immunization?
Used post-exposure
Immediate effect
Short-term immunity
There are 3 types of passive immunizing agents
Standard immune globulins
Specific immune globulins
Antitoxin (antisera)
What are some examples of stand immune globulins?
Measles
Hep A
What are some examples of specific immune globulins?
Hep B — HBIG
Rabies — RIG
Tetanus — TIG
Varicella-Zoster — VZIG
What are some examples of antitoxin?
Botulism antitoxin
Diphtheria antitoxin
What are the characteristics of active immunization?
Usually pre-exposure
Delayed effect
Longer-lasting immunity
What type of immunity (active/passive) does vaccination confer?
Active
Administration of all or part of a pathogen to cause an immune response that mimics that of a natural infection
What are some contraindications for live vaccines?
Immunosuppression
Pregnancy
Recent administration of live vaccine
What vaccines are live attenuated?
MMR
LAIV
Rotavirus
BCG
Yellow fever
Typhoid (Ty21a
Oral polio vaccine
Are all vaccines contraindicated in pregnancy?
No
Inactivated vaccines are safe to give during this time
Is common illness a contraindication for immunization?
For common illness accompanied with fever, delay vaccine until recovered
Is premature birth a contraindication for vaccination?
No
What are the features of an effective vaccine?
Safe (few side effects)
Sustained protection
Biological stability
Ease of administration
Affordable
There are 3 types of vaccination programs
Mass vaccination
Targeted
Travel vaccination
How are the targets for a vaccination program decided?
Based on:
Availability
Harm/benefit
Cost-effectiveness
What are the goals of mass vaccination?
Vaccinate all pop and obtain herd immunity
May be rolled out initially by targeted programs
This type of vaccination program is most likely to vary from one jurisdiction to another
Targeted program
This type of vaccination program is based on a case-by-case risk assessment
Travel vaccination program
Where can vaccination guidelines be found for Canada?
NACI — National Advisory Committee on Immunization
Prov/territorial health authorities
CIG — Canadian Immunization Guide
Travel Canada — vaccine recommendations for travel
Although vaccination schedules are similar across Canada, there are 3 factors in which there can be some variation
Timing
Introduction of new vaccines
Population specific vaccination programs
At what ages is the DTaP-IPV-Hib vaccine given?
2/4/6/18 mo
4-6 y/o
At what ages is the Pneumo C-13 vaccine given?
2/4/12 mo
When is the MMR vaccine given?
12/18 mo
At what ages is the Rot-5 vaccine given?
2/4/6 mo
How early can the influenza vaccine be given to infants?
6mo and older
What vaccines are administered at 2mo?
DTaP-IPV-Hib
Pneu C-13
Rot-5
What vaccines are administered at 4mo?
DTaP-IPV-Hib
Pneu C-13
Rot-5
What vaccines are administered at 6mo?
DTaP-IPV-Hib
Rot-5
What vaccines are administered at 12mo?
Pneu C-13
MMR
Men-C-C
What vaccines are administered at 18mo?
DTaP-IPV-Hib
MMR
What vaccines are administered between 4-6 y/o?
DTaP-IPV
or
Tdap-IPV
What are the routine vaccinations as part of the school health program?
Gr. 4 — Men-ACYW-135
Gr. 6 — HB, HPV-9
Gr. 9 — Tdap
Targeted vaccination aims to protect at-risk sub-groups.
Who are often part of the targeted vaccine demographic?
Professional risk (first line worker)
Risk group (age, comorbidity)
Post-exposure vaccine
At risk or exposure to disease
Sometimes combined with IgG
Response to outbreak/epidemic
Catch-up vaccines (migrants w unknown vax status, delayed vax)
What population should get the Tdap vaccine?
Everyone
How often should the Tdap vaccine be given?
Every 10yrs booster
During pregnancy
These vaccines should be given to those over 60 y/o and those at risk
Herpes Zoster
Pneumococcal
