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Phase 2 Block 1 > DNA Viruses > Flashcards

DNA Viruses Flashcards

1
Q
A
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2
Q

What are the 3 types of viral infections at the cellular level?

A

Lytic
Nonlytic
Oncogenic

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3
Q

What characterizes lytic viral infections?

A

Virus accumulates inside cell —> ↑ osmotic pressure —> cell bursting

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4
Q

What characterizes nonlytic viral infections?

A

Persistent, slow release of virus from cell via exocytosis or membrane budding
Latent infection via virus regulating its gene expression to conserve its genome

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5
Q

What characterizes oncogenic viral infections?

A

DNA and retroviruses that establish a persistent infection by stimulating uncontrolled cell growth

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6
Q

What is the name for the process in which oncogenic viruses stimulate uncontrolled cell growth by establishing a persistent infection?

A

Transformation or immortalization

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7
Q

How can oncogenic viruses stimulate uncontrolled cell growth? (4)

A

Activating growth factors
Removing braking mechanisms that limit cell growth
Preventing apoptosis
Encoding oncogenes (retroviruses)

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8
Q

What are the S&S of primary hepatitis B infection?

A

Jaundice
Light-coloured stool
Fever
Fatigue for weeks/months
Loss of appetite, nausea, vomiting

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9
Q

What are the S&S of secondary hepatitis B infection?

A

Positive test for 6 months
Persistent elevated liver enzymes (ALT/AST)
Liver fibrosis
Liver Cirrhosis
Hepatocellular carcinoma

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10
Q

What is the prevention for Hep B?

A

Vaccine available, but no use once infected
Transmitted via blood and sexual contact

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11
Q

What type of anti-viral is used for the treatment of Hep B?

A

Nucleoside analogue reverse transcriptase inhibitors

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12
Q

How are HHV transmitted?

A

Usually via active lesion, but HHV-2 can be shed while asymptomatic
Close bodily contact at mucous membranes

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13
Q

What causes the lesions associated with HHV?

A

Inflammation and cell death at site of infection

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14
Q

What causes cold sores?

A

HHV-1
Transmitted via casual contact

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15
Q

What causes genital herpes?

A

HHV-2
Transmitted via sexual activity

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16
Q

This class of antiviral helps manage several viruses including HHV, VZV, and CMV

A

Nucleoside analogue inhibitors

17
Q

How do nucleoside analogue inhibitors work?

A

False nucleotides that interfere with viral replication
Addition of false nucleotide —> chain termination —> virus unable to make new copies of itself
In retroviruses (ex. HIV) inhibits reverse transcriptase from converting viral RNA into DNA

18
Q

VZV is highly infectious and seen most commonly in children. What is the severity of this virus like in adults vs children?

A

More severe in adults than in children

19
Q

How long after infection do skin lesion appear for VZV?

A

2-3 wks

20
Q

How is VZV transmitted?

A

Resp tract or eyes

21
Q

What is herpes zoster/shingles?

A

Reactivation of VZV, typically in adulthood when the immune system is vulnerable

22
Q

Shingles is a reactivation of VZV. How does its presentation differ from VZV?

A

VZV is non-localized and tends to be diffuse
Shingles presents as a rash localized over a dermatome (area of skin supplied by a single spinal nerve)
Shingles is a reactivation of VZV; the initial infection moves up a spinal nerves and lies dormant in dorsal root ganglia
Reactivation —> virus moving down dermatome

23
Q

How is EBV transmitted?

A

Saliva

24
Q

What types of cells are affected by EBV and how are they affected?

A

EBV invases B lymphocytes, becomes latent in them and immortalizes them by suppressing apoptosis
Can cause B cell lymphoma in rare cases

25
Q

What group of people are susceptible to extreme disease r/t EBV?

A

Those with T cell deficiencies
This is bc infected B cells aren’t removed by cytotoxic T cells —> virus proliferation

26
Q

What virus causes “mono”?

A

EBV

27
Q

How is CMV transmitted?

A

Sexual contact
In utero exposure
Vaginal birth
Blood transfusions
Organ transplants

28
Q

What are the complications associated with CMV?

A

Birth defects that can result in death
IC pts can develop pneumonia, blindness, or CMV mononucleosis (similar to infectious mononucleosis)

29
Q

How is CMV diagnosed?

A
  • Detection of abnormally enlarged cell
  • CMV viral load
30
Q

How is CMV treated?

A

Ganiciclovir or valganciclovir
Fomiversen for CMV eye infections

31
Q

What virus causes “slapped cheek disease”?

A

Parvovirus

32
Q

What is the prevention for parvovirus?

A

No treatment, no vaccine :(

33
Q

What are important consideration for parvovirus risk to pregnant individuals?

A

Spontaneous abortion
Congenital anomalies
Hydrops fetalis (fetal anemia, fetal viral myocarditis, impaired hepatic function)
B19-Specific IgG and IgM can be given to this population

34
Q

What is the treatment for HPV?

A

No viral tx
Med for symptoms: podophylin, imiquimod, podofilox
Intervention for symptoms: freezing, electrical burn, laser, direct interferon injection, removal

35
Q

What is the main concern with HPV infection?

A

Cancer

36
Q

This is one of the causative agents of the common cold and is spread via resp droplets

A

Adenovirus

37
Q

Infection of the conjunctiva with this virus can cause pinkeye

A

Adenovirus

Phase 2 Block 1 (19 decks)

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