Emerging Viruses Flashcards
Evolution of science and medicine has extended life expectancy. What means of controlling infectious diseases helped this happen?
Abx and vaccines
Better water, sanitation, and hygiene
Better understanding of public health and disease control
What are some factors that causes viruses to emerge?
Globalization
Altered ecosystems
Microbial evolution
Deforestation — animal hosts living closer to cities
Expanding populations
How is hantavirus transmitted?
Rodent saliva and excrement
What clinical S&S are associated with hantavirus?
Pulm syndrome (flu-like)
Hemorrhagic fever w renal syndrome
What is the onset of pulm syndrome associated with hantavirus?
4-10 days after acute symptoms
When should dx of hantavirus be suspected?
Hx of fever, fatigue, and rat exposure
What is the S&S of nipah virus?
3-14 days of fever and headache
Followed by drowsiness, disorientation/confusion
Can progress to coma
How is Nipah virus dx?
RT-PCR on throat, nasal, CSF, urine, or blood
What is the management of Nipah virus?
Supportive care
How is Nipah virus transmitted?
Fruit bats are reservoirs
Pigs are intermediate hosts
Bats contaminate soil near pigs
Humans eat contaminate pigs —> human infection
This is a mosquito-borne RNA virus that can cause hemorrhagic fever upon secondary infection
Dengue fever
What are the S&S associated with severe dengue?
Shock
Internal bleeding
Death
This virus infects the connective tissue every organ and is transmitted via blood
Ebola virus
Ebola is called a “perfect pathogen”. Why is this?
Infects all tissues
Turn body into virus factory within 3 days
Exposure to as little as 5 virus particles can cause infection
This is an experimental therapy for ebola
ZMapp — combo of 3 humanized MAB
In ebola survivors, the virus can be detected for up to how many months after infection?
9.5 mo
Persistent ebola virus can be found in what body fluids/excretions?
Eye
Semen
Amniotic fluid
Breast milk
CNS
Can persistent ebola be transmitted?
Yes, to sexual partners
Is there a vaccine or specific tx for MERS?
No
Tx is only supportive
Up to 40% mortality rate
These animals are thought to be the intermediate host for MERS
Camels
Has been isolated in bats
Are primary or secondary infections more severe in MERS?
Primary
How is Zika virus transmitted?
By mosquitoes
Can also be transmitted sexually from an infected host
How long after symptom onset is zika virus detectable in the blood?
Viral RNA detectable up to 62 days after symptom onset
Zika is suspected to cause what condition in newborns?
Microcephaly
How is Zika virus dx?
RT-PCR
IgM ab
RT-PCR and IgM ab tests for zika are x-reactive with what other virus?
Dengue virus
What are the targets for SARS-CoV-2 tx?
Polymerase
Protease
Viral proteins
Inflammation
The vaccine for this disease provides cross protective immunity from Mpox
Smallpox vaccine
Although the smallpox vaccine provides cross protective immunity to Mpox, what is a concern if Mpox becomes more prevalent?
Smallpox was declared eradicated therefore no one has been vaccinated against it since the 1970s
How is Mpox transmitted?
Contact
Resp (prolonged)
Mother-to-fetus
Although this tx isn’t approved for Mpox, it can be used as it was developed for smallpox
Tecovirimat — protease inhibitor
