Emerging Viruses

Question 1

Evolution of science and medicine has extended life expectancy. What means of controlling infectious diseases helped this happen?

Answer 1

Abx and vaccines
Better water, sanitation, and hygiene
Better understanding of public health and disease control

Question 2

What are some factors that causes viruses to emerge?

Answer 2

Globalization
Altered ecosystems
Microbial evolution
Deforestation — animal hosts living closer to cities
Expanding populations

Question 3

How is hantavirus transmitted?

Answer 3

Rodent saliva and excrement

Question 4

What clinical S&S are associated with hantavirus?

Answer 4

Pulm syndrome (flu-like)
Hemorrhagic fever w renal syndrome

Question 5

What is the onset of pulm syndrome associated with hantavirus?

Answer 5

4-10 days after acute symptoms

Question 6

When should dx of hantavirus be suspected?

Answer 6

Hx of fever, fatigue, and rat exposure

Question 7

What is the S&S of nipah virus?

Answer 7

3-14 days of fever and headache
Followed by drowsiness, disorientation/confusion
Can progress to coma

Question 8

How is Nipah virus dx?

Answer 8

RT-PCR on throat, nasal, CSF, urine, or blood

Question 9

What is the management of Nipah virus?

Answer 9

Supportive care

Question 10

How is Nipah virus transmitted?

Answer 10

Fruit bats are reservoirs
Pigs are intermediate hosts
Bats contaminate soil near pigs
Humans eat contaminate pigs —> human infection

Question 11

This is a mosquito-borne RNA virus that can cause hemorrhagic fever upon secondary infection

Answer 11

Dengue fever

Question 12

What are the S&S associated with severe dengue?

Answer 12

Shock
Internal bleeding
Death

Question 13

This virus infects the connective tissue every organ and is transmitted via blood

Answer 13

Ebola virus

Question 14

Ebola is called a “perfect pathogen”. Why is this?

Answer 14

Infects all tissues
Turn body into virus factory within 3 days
Exposure to as little as 5 virus particles can cause infection

Question 15

This is an experimental therapy for ebola

Answer 15

ZMapp — combo of 3 humanized MAB

Question 16

In ebola survivors, the virus can be detected for up to how many months after infection?

Answer 16

9.5 mo

Question 17

Persistent ebola virus can be found in what body fluids/excretions?

Answer 17

Eye
Semen
Amniotic fluid
Breast milk
CNS

Question 18

Can persistent ebola be transmitted?

Answer 18

Yes, to sexual partners

Question 19

Is there a vaccine or specific tx for MERS?

Answer 19

No
Tx is only supportive
Up to 40% mortality rate

Question 20

These animals are thought to be the intermediate host for MERS

Answer 20

Camels
Has been isolated in bats

Question 21

Are primary or secondary infections more severe in MERS?

Answer 21

Primary

Question 22

How is Zika virus transmitted?

Answer 22

By mosquitoes
Can also be transmitted sexually from an infected host

Question 23

How long after symptom onset is zika virus detectable in the blood?

Answer 23

Viral RNA detectable up to 62 days after symptom onset

Question 24

Zika is suspected to cause what condition in newborns?

Answer 24

Microcephaly

Question 25

How is Zika virus dx?

Answer 25

RT-PCR
IgM ab

Question 26

RT-PCR and IgM ab tests for zika are x-reactive with what other virus?

Answer 26

Dengue virus

Question 27

What are the targets for SARS-CoV-2 tx?

Answer 27

Polymerase
Protease
Viral proteins
Inflammation

Question 28

The vaccine for this disease provides cross protective immunity from Mpox

Answer 28

Smallpox vaccine

Question 29

Although the smallpox vaccine provides cross protective immunity to Mpox, what is a concern if Mpox becomes more prevalent?

Answer 29

Smallpox was declared eradicated therefore no one has been vaccinated against it since the 1970s

Question 30

How is Mpox transmitted?

Answer 30

Contact
Resp (prolonged)
Mother-to-fetus

Question 31

Although this tx isn’t approved for Mpox, it can be used as it was developed for smallpox

Answer 31

Tecovirimat — protease inhibitor