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Pharmacotherapeutics > Principles Of Lab Tests (exam 1) > Flashcards

Principles Of Lab Tests (exam 1) Flashcards

1
Q

Components of a BMP

A

sodium
potassium
chloride
CO2
glucose
BUN
Sr Cr

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2
Q

A comprehensive metabolic panel includes BMP and

A

Albumin
Alkaline phosphatatse
alanine aminotransferase
total bilirubin
calcium
magnesium and phosphorus

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3
Q

sodium normal range

A

135-147 mEq/L

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4
Q

sodium functions

A

regulate serum osmolarity, fluid balance and acid base balance
maintain electrical potential for transmission of nerve impules

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5
Q

most prevalent cation in extracellular fluid

A

sodium

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6
Q

hypernatremia

A

increased sodium intake
increased fluid loss

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7
Q

hyponatremia

A

decrease in total body sodium
excess accumulation of body water

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8
Q

potassium normal range

A

3.5 - 5 mmol/L

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9
Q

potassium functions

A

regulates nerve excitability
acid base balance
muscle function

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10
Q

main intracellular cation

what does this mean about serum concentrations?

A

potassium

nor always the most accurate indicator

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11
Q

hyperkalemia causes

A

metabolic/respiratory acidosis
renal failure
dehydration
medications

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12
Q

medications that can cause hyperkalemia

A

ACE/ARB inhibitors
potassium sparing diuretics
bactrim
potassium supplements
drospirenone containing contraceptives

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13
Q

hypokalemia causes

A

severe diarrhea/vomiting
respiratory alkalosis
alcohol abuse
Cushing disease

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14
Q

medications that cause hypokalemia

A

any type of diuretic
amphotericin B
insulin
albuterol
sodium bicarbonate

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15
Q

relationship between potassium and magnesium

A

direct (one increases, the other does as well)

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16
Q

chloride normal range

A

95 - 105 mEq/L

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17
Q

functions of chloride

A

main extracellular anion
passive role in fluid balance and acid base balance

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18
Q

hyperchloremia causes

A

metabolic acidosis
respiratory alkalosis
dehydration
diabetes insipidus
renal disorders

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19
Q

hypochloremia causes

A

prolonged vomiting
metabolic alkalosis
heart failure SIADH
use of acid suppressants

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20
Q

carbon dioxide normal range

A

22 -28 mEq/L

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21
Q

functions of CO2

A

regulates physiologic pH

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22
Q

bicarb level

A

sum of dissolved CO2 and bicarbonate ion that exists in serum

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23
Q

hypercarbia is from _______________ while hypocarbia is from ______________

A

metabolic alkalosis

metabolic acidosis

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24
Q

BUN normal range

A

6 - 20 mg/dL

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25
Q

functions of BUN

A

end product of protein catabolism
marker of renal function

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26
Q

increased BUN can be from

A

renal failure
heart failure
GI bleeding
dehydration

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27
Q

decreased BUN can be from

A

liver failure

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28
Q

creatinine normal range

A

0.6 - 1.2 mg/dL

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29
Q

creatinine is a catabolic product of

A

creatine phosphate used in skeletal muscle contraction

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30
Q

functions of creatinine

A

released into blood and excreted by glomerular filtration in the kidneys
marker of renal dysfunction

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31
Q

increased creatinine causes

A

renal dysfunction
dehydration
urinary tract obstruction
hyperthyroidism
nephrotoxic medications

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32
Q

decreased creatinine causes

A

cachexia
elderly patients
comatose injury patients
spinal cord injury patients

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33
Q

BUN/creatinine ratio normal range

A

~10-20:1

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34
Q

when BUN/creatinine ratio is over 20,

A

intravascular depression or pre renal cause (GI bleeding, dehydration)

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35
Q

a normal BUN/creatinine ratio in the setting of renal dysfunction indicates

A

intrinsic renal disease

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36
Q

Creatinine clearance is used to

it is useful to

A

assess kidney function

monitor patients of nephrotoxic medications and assess need for renal dosing adjustments

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37
Q

creatinine clearance cannot be used in

A

fluctuating serum creatinine

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38
Q

glucose normal range (fasting)

A

70-99 mg/dL

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39
Q

glucose range in diabetics

A

fasting: 80 -130 mg/dL
postprandial: over 180 mg/dL

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40
Q

glucose is an important

A

energy source

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41
Q

most common cause of hyperglycemia

A

diabetes mellitus

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42
Q

causes of hypoglycemia

A

missing a meal
insulin
sulfonylureas

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43
Q

calcium normal range

A

8.5 - 10.5 mg/dL

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44
Q

functions of calcium

A

bone mineralization
cardiac and skeletal muscle contraction
blood coagulation
nerve transmission

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45
Q

total serum calcium

A

measure of free and protein bound calcium

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46
Q

hypercalcemia causes

A

malignancy
hyperparathyroidism
thiazide diuretics
lithium

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47
Q

hypocalcemia causes

A

hypoparathyroidism
vitamin D deficiency
hyperphosphatemia
loop diuretics

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48
Q

pseudohypocalcemia

A

50% of serum calcium is bound to plasma protein such as albumin

decreased albumin leads to decreased total calcium concentration –> calcium appears falsely low

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49
Q

phosphorus normal range

A

2.5 - 4.5 mg/dL

50
Q

corrected calcium

A

reported serum calcium + 0.8 (4.0 - patients albumin)

51
Q

functions of phosphorus

A

intracellular anion
cellular energy source for ATP
synthesis of phospholipids

52
Q

phosphorus relationship with calcium

A

inverse (one increases, the other decreases)

53
Q

hyperphosphatemia causes

A

renal dysfunction
bone malignancy
hypoparathyroidism
increase vitamin D intake

54
Q

hypophosphatemia causes

A

alcoholism
malnutrition
hyperparathyroidism
respiratory alkalosis
aluminum/calcium containing antacids

55
Q

magnesium normal range

A

1.5 - 2.4 mg/dL

56
Q

functions of magnesium

A

cofactor for ATP
protein synthesis, carbohydrate metabolism, contraction of muscle tissue

57
Q

hypermagnesemia causes

A

renal failure
Addison disease

58
Q

hypomagnesemia causes

A

diarrhea
vomiting
malabsorption
alcoholism

59
Q

complete blood count components

A

hemoglobin
hematocrit
WBCs
RBCs
RBC mean corpuscular volume
mean corpuscular hemoglobin
mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration

60
Q

hemoglobin normal range

A

male: 13.5 - 16.5 g/dL
female: 12-15 g/dL

61
Q

hemoglobin functions

A

oxygen carrying compound
direct indicator of oxygen carrying capacity in blood

62
Q

increased hemoglobin causes

A

polycythemia
COPD

63
Q

decreased hemoglobin causes

A

anemia
blood loss
increased fluid intake

64
Q

hematocrit normal range

A

male: 41-50%
female: 36-44%

65
Q

hematocrit functions

A

describes volume of blood that is occupied by RBCs
3x Hgb

66
Q

hematocrit is an indirect measure of

A

RBC number and volume

67
Q

how can hematocrit be determined?

A

centrifugation

68
Q

increased Hct causes

A

polycythemia
COPD

69
Q

decreased Hct causes

A

anemia
blood loss
cirrhosis
leukemia

70
Q

RBC count normal range

A

male: 4.3-5.5 x 10^6 cells/mm^3
female: 4.0-4.9 x 10^6 cell/mm^3

71
Q

RBC functions

A

transports oxygen from lungs to tissues
produced in bone marrow, lives 120 days

72
Q

erythrocytosis causes

A

polycythemia
high altitudes
strenuous exercise

73
Q

decreased RBCs causes

A

anemia
blood loss
leukemia

74
Q

Mean corpuscular volume normal range

A

80 - 100 um^3/cell

75
Q

what does mean corpuscular volume measure?

A

the average volume of the erythrocyte

76
Q

microcytic causes

A

iron deficiency anemia
hemolytic anemia

77
Q

macrocytic causes

A

folate deficiency
B12 deficiency
chronic liver disease

78
Q

mean corpuscular hemoglobin normal range

A

26 - 34 pg/cell

79
Q

mean corpuscular hemoglobin measures _______

A

the average weight of Hgb in RBC

80
Q

hyper chromic causes

A

folate deficiency
B12 deficiency

81
Q

hypo chromic causes

A

iron deficiency anemia

82
Q

mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration normal range

A

31 - 37 g/dL

83
Q

what does MCHC measure?

A

Hgb concentration in RBC

84
Q

increased MCHC is due to

A

hereditary spherocytosis

85
Q

decreased MCHC is due to

A

iron deficiency anemia
hemolytic anemia

86
Q

reticulocytes normal range

A

0.1-2.4% of RBC

87
Q

reticulocytes reflects

A

immature RBCs formed in the bone marrow

88
Q

reticulocytosis causes

A

hemolytic anemia
hemorrhage
anemia treatment

89
Q

decreased reticulocytes can be from

A

iron deficiency anemia
renal disease
bone marrow suppression

90
Q

WBC normal range

A

4-11 x 10^9 cells/L

91
Q

leukocytosis main cause

92
Q

leukopenia causes

A

viral infection
bone marrow
depression from chemo

93
Q

neutrophils normal value

A

segmented: 54-62%
bands: 0-5%

94
Q

bands are

A

immature neutrophils

95
Q

neutrophils are pathogens in _________________ like

A

some inflammatory disorders

rheumatoid arthritis and IBD

96
Q

most common type of WBC

A

neutrophils

97
Q

neutrophilia common cause

98
Q

neutropenia causes

A

viral infection
chemotherapy agents

99
Q

absolute neutrophil count (ANC)

A

total number of circulating segments and bands

100
Q

risk of infection _________________ as the ANC decreases

A

increases dramatically

101
Q

level of ANC that is associated with substantial risk of infection

A

under 500/mm^3

102
Q

lymphocytes normal range

103
Q

second most common WBC

A

lymphocytes

104
Q

lymphocytosis causes

A

hepatitis
herpes simplex/zoster
viral infections

105
Q

lymphopenia causes

A

acute infections
HIV
lupus
lymphoma

106
Q

monocytes normal range

107
Q

monocytes in tissues mature to

A

macrophages

108
Q

monocytes migrate to

A

lymph nodes, spleen, liver, lung and bone marrow

109
Q

monocytosis causes

A

TB
syphilis
malaria

110
Q

monocytopenia causes

A

bone marrow suppression agents
severe stress

111
Q

eosinophil normal range

112
Q

eosinophils are predominantly in the

A

intestines and lungs

113
Q

WBCs involved in allergic reactions

A

eosinophils and basophils

114
Q

eosinophilia causes

A

allergic disorders, allergic drug reactions

115
Q

eosinopenia causes

A

adrenal steroid production

116
Q

basophils normal range

117
Q

basophils contain

A

heparin, histamine, leukotrienes

118
Q

basophilia causes

A

hypersensitivity reactions to food/medications
leukemias

119
Q

platelets normal range

A

100,000 - 450,000/uL

120
Q

risk of bleeding is low unless platelets fall below

Pharmacotherapeutics (16 decks)

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