Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Principles of Disease > Principles of Immunisation > Flashcards

Principles of Immunisation Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 2 modes of acquiring immunity?

A

Active and Passive

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is the advantage of passive immunity?

A

It gives immediate protection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are the disadvantages of passive immunity?

A

There is only a short term effect- no immunological memory
Serum sickness - incoming Ab is recognised as a foreign antigen
Incoming immune cells can reject the recipient

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

How is active immunisation acquired naturally?

A

Exposure/infection by the antigen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

How is active immunity acquired artificially?

A

Vaccination

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is an antigen?

A

Whole organism or part of it which stimulates an immune response

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Does an immunological memory produce an immediate effect?

A

No but it produces a faster and better response to the next antigenic encounter- secondary response

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Give 2 difference between the primary and secondary exposure to an antigen?

A

Primary - low Ab conc.
Secondary - high Ab conc.
Primary - slower response
Secondary - faster response

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Name 3 common diseases we vaccinate against?

A

Measles
Mumps
Rubella

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What does the MMR vaccine vaccinate against?

A

Measles
Mumps
Rubella

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What can the disease mumps lead to?

A

Meningitis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Who is rubella dangerous to?

A

Unborn children

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Temporarily who are there restriction to vaccinations to?

A

Those with febrile illness

Those who are pregnant

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Permanently who are there restrictions to vaccinations to?

A

Those with specific allergies

Those who are immunocompromised

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What was the first vaccine made against?

A

Small pox

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Is small pox eradicated?

A

Yes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What does a disease organism have that induces an immune response?

A

Antigens

18
Q

What do antigens stimulate the production of?

A

Antibodies

19
Q

Once antibodies have destructed the disease causing organism what are formed?

A

Memory B cells

20
Q

Why can’t live, virulent organisms be used in vaccines?

A

They are too dangerous

They would induce the disease they are trying to prevent

21
Q

Which vaccines carry the most risk?

A

Live attenuated vaccines

22
Q

What are live attenuated vaccines?

A

A vaccine that contains the live organism that has been weakened

23
Q

Why are live attenuated vaccines often the most successful?

A

Because they multiply in the body creating a large immune response

24
Q

Explain inactivated vaccines

A

A vaccine that is produced by killing the disease causing microbe with radiation, heat or radiation

25
Q

Why do inactivated vaccines often require several booster shots?

A

To maintain the persons immunity

26
Q

Do inactivated vaccine produce a strong immune response?

A

No - they stimulate a weaker response

27
Q

What do inactivated vaccines consist of?

A

Either killed organisms or purified fractions of the micro-organism

28
Q

What is an acellular vaccine?

A

One that only uses the antigenic part of the disease causing organism

29
Q

Do acellular vaccines often require a booster and if so why?

A

Yes because they generally don’t induce the strongest immune response

30
Q

Can acellular vaccines cause the disease?

A

No

31
Q

What is a toxoid vaccine?

A

Used when a bacterial toxin is the main cause of illness - when bacteria secrete toxins or harmful chemicals but the toxins are inactivate

32
Q

How are the toxins inactivated in toxoid vaccines?

A

They are treated with formalin

33
Q

After a toxin is treated to decrease its harmfulness what is it known as?

A

A toxoid

34
Q

What is a subunit vaccine?

A

A vaccine that includes the antigen that best stimulates the immune system

35
Q

What is an epitope?

A

The part of the antigen that the Ab or T cells recognsises

36
Q

What is an adjuvant?

A

A substance which enhances the body’s immune response to an antigen

37
Q

What is the adjuvant commonly used in humans?

A

Aluminium Salts

38
Q

Why are aluminium salts used?

A

As they generally cause only mild inflammatory reactions they are safe and they have the ability to generate memory

39
Q

What is the primary aim of vaccination?

A

To protect the individual receiving it

40
Q

What is herd immunity?

A

When a large proportion of the population are vaccinated that is protects those who are not vaccinated

41
Q

What does herd immunity reduce the risk of?

A

An unvaccinated individual being exposed to infection

42
Q

What are some vaccines that should be given to travellers?

A 
Hepatitis A
Typhoid 
Cholera
Rabies
Yellow fever

Principles of Disease (14 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions