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Principles of Disease > Antimicrobial Chemotherapy > Flashcards

Antimicrobial Chemotherapy Flashcards

1
Q

What is a bactericidal?

A

An antimicrobial that kills bacteria

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2
Q

What is a bacteriostatic?

A

An antimicrobial that inhibits the growth of bacteria

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3
Q

What does it mean when an organism is sensitive?

A

If it is inhibited or killed by levels of the antimicrobial that at are available at the site of infection

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4
Q

What does it mean when an organism is resistant?

A

If the organism is not killed or inhibited by levels of antimicrobial that are available at the site of infection

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5
Q

What is MIC?

A

Minimal inhibitory concentration - minimum concentration of the antimicrobial needed to inhibit visible growth of a given organism

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6
Q

What is MBC?

A

The minimal bactericidal concentration - minimum concentration of the antimicrobial needed to kill the organism

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7
Q

What is meant by topical administration?

A

Applied to the surface usually skin or mucous membranes

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8
Q

What is meant by systemic administration?

A

When it is taken internally either orally or parentally

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9
Q

What is meant by parental administration?

A

Administered either
IV
IM occasionally subcutaneously

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10
Q

What do antibiotic generally speaking do?

A

Kill or inhibit the action of bacteria

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11
Q

What are the 3 general ways in which antibiotics will inhibit or kill bacteria?

A

Inhibition of the cell wall synthesis
Inhibition of protein synthesis
Inhibition of nucleic acid synthesis

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12
Q

What are the 2 broad classes of the antibiotics that inhibit the synthesis of the cell wall?

A

B lactams

Glycopeptides

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13
Q

What was the original penicillin?

A

Benzyl penicillin

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14
Q

What are the 2 classes of B lactams?

A

Penicillin

Cephalosporins

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15
Q

What are the 2 classes of glycopeptides?

A

Vancomyan

Teicoplanin

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16
Q

What is a common problem with vancomyan treatment?

A

Toxicity can be a common problem

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17
Q

Do glycopeptides commonly treat gram positive or gram negative organisms?

A

Gram positive

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18
Q

What are the 2 classes of drugs that inhibit DNA synthesis?

A

Fluoroquinolones

Trimethoprin - Sulphamethoxazole

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19
Q

What is a commonly used fluoroquinolones?

A

Ciproflaxin

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20
Q

Why is ciproflaxin not suitable for children?

A

Affects the growth cartilage

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21
Q

Does ciproflaxin commonly treat gram positive or gram negative organisms?

A

Gram negative

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22
Q

What is trimethoprin commonly used to treat?

A

UTI’s

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23
Q

What part of synthesis do trimethoprin and sulphamethoxazole disrupt?

A

Purine synthesis

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24
Q

What 4 classes inhibit protein synthesis?

A

Aminoglycosides
Macrolides
Oxazolidinones
Cyclic Lipopeptide

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25
Q

What is macrolide a useful alternative for?

A

Penicillin

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26
Q

What 3 bacteria classes are resistant to macrolide?

A

Staph aureus, strep pyogenes, strep pneumoniae

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27
Q

Do aminoglycosides treat gram positive or gram negative bacteria?

A

Gram negative

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28
Q

What is the most common aminoglycoside?

A

Getamicin

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29
Q

What is cyclic lipopeptide good at treating?

A

MRSA

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30
Q

Do cyclic lipopeptide treat gram negative or gram positive?

A

Gram positive

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31
Q

What oxazolidonones is the only one common in use?

A

Linezolid

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32
Q

What is linezolid good for treating?

A

MRSA

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33
Q

What are the 3 classes of antibiotics that inhibit the synthesis of nucleic acid?

A

Trimethoprim Sulphamethoxazole

Fluoroquinolones

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34
Q

What is ciprofloxacin effective against - gram negative or positive?

A

Gram negative

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35
Q

Who cannot take ciprofloxacin?

A

Children

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36
Q

Why can’t ciprofloxacin be used in children?

A

It has dangerous interference with cartilage growth

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37
Q

How can resistance be acquired in bacteria?

A

Random mutation

The gene coding for resistance being transferred from bacteria to bacteria via plasmids

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38
Q

What can antibacterial resistance be carried on?

A

Plasmids or Transposons

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39
Q

What is B-lactamase?

A

An enyme which cleaves B-lactam rendering it inactive

40
Q

What are the two ways to inhibit B-lactamase?

A

Introduce a second component which is a B-lactamase inhibitor
Modify the antibiotic side chain to make it resistant

41
Q

Which antibiotic is B-lactamase resistant?

A

Flucloaxillin

42
Q

Give an example of a bacteria which produces B-lactamase

A

Staph. aureus

43
Q

What are the 2 mechanisms of resistance to B-lactam antibiotics?

A

B-lactamase

The modification of PBP

44
Q

What are PBP’s?

A

Penicillin binding proteins

45
Q

Why do PBP’s alter their target sites?

A

So that B-lactam antibiotics cannot bind rendering them inactive

46
Q

What organism is resistant to all penicillins and cephalosporins?

A

MRSA

47
Q

What do ESBL’s (extended spectrum B-lactamases) do?

A

Render the organisms resistant to all B lactams

48
Q

Where is vancomycin resistance unusual?

A

Gram positive organisms

49
Q

Where has vancomycin resistance to gram positive organisms appeared reently?

A

Enterococci

50
Q

What are two other mechanisms of antibiotic resistance?

A

Blocking the transport of the antibiotic in

Actively transporting the antibiotic out

51
Q

What are the 8 classes of penicillin?

A 
Benzyl penicillin 
Amoxicillin 
Ampicillin 
Co-amoxiciav
Flucloxacillin 
Piperacillin 
Implenem
Meropenem
52
Q

What is the best choice penicillin for streptococcus pneumoniae?

A

Benzyl penicillin

53
Q

What was the original penicillin?

A

Benzyl penicillin

54
Q

Is benzyl penicillin good for treating gram + or - ?

A

Gram positive

55
Q

Amoxicillin and ampicillin have a much better what than benzyl penicillin?

A

Oral absorption

56
Q

What is co-amoxiciav a combination of?

A

Amoxicillin with the B-lactamase inhibitor clavulanic acid

57
Q

What is flucloxcillin the first choice treatment for and why?

A

Staphylcocci infections as resistant to B-lactamase

58
Q

What is impenem active against?

A

Most bacterium

59
Q

What is meropenum active against?

A

Most bacterium

60
Q

What cover is piperacilllin extended to?

A

Gram negative organisms

61
Q

What are the 2 glycopeptide antibiotics?

A

Vancomycin

Teicoplanin

62
Q

What are vancomycin and teicoplanin effective against?

A

Gram positive ONLY

63
Q

What is the aminoglycoside antibiotic?

A

Gentamicin

64
Q

Why must gentamicin serum levels be closely monitored?

A

Because it has the potential for toxicity

65
Q

What are the 2 macrolides antibiotics?

A

Clarithomycin

Erythromycin

66
Q

What is clarithomycin and erythromycin effective against gram + or negative?

A

Positive

67
Q

What are the 3 quinolones antibiotics?

A

Quinolones
Nalidicix acid
Ciproflaxacin

68
Q

What does nalidicix acid treat?

A

UTI’s

69
Q

What does ciproflaxacin treat?

A

Gram negative

70
Q

What is used for treating lower UTI infections?

A

Nitrofuranotoin

71
Q

What is linezolid?

A

A newer agent with activity against MRSA

72
Q

What is daptomycin useful against?

A

Gram positive and MRSA

73
Q

What are the 5 miscellaneous antibiotics?

A 
Fusidic acid 
Trimethoprim 
Metronidazole
Clindamycin 
Tetracyclines
74
Q

What are the 2 polyene antifungal drug commonly in use?

A

Amphotericin B

Nystatin

75
Q

How is amphotericin B administered?

A

IV

76
Q

What is the problem with amphotericin B?

A

It is toxic

77
Q

How is nystatin administered?

A

Topically or in oral suspension

78
Q

What are the 3 azoles anti fungal drugs?

A

Fluconazole
Itraconazole
Voriconazole

79
Q

What does flucoanzole treat?

A

Yeast infection

80
Q

What is the problem with flucoanzole?

A

Not all yeasts are sensitive to it

81
Q

What are Itraconazole and

Voriconazole used to treat?

A

Aspergillosis

82
Q

What are the 3 echinocandins drugs?

A

Caspofungin
Mycafungin
Anidulafungin

83
Q

What do the echinocandins treat?

A

Serious candida and aspergillus infections

84
Q

What is the allyamines antifungal drug?

A

Terbinafine

85
Q

What is terbinafine used to treat?

A

Fungal infections of the skin and nails

86
Q

What are the antivirals used to treat Herpes?

A 
Aciclovir 
Famiciclovir 
Valaciclovir 
Ganciclovir 
Valganciclovir
Foscarnet 
Cidofovir
87
Q

What are the antivirals used to treat HIV?

A

Saquinavir
Nevirapine
Zidovudine

88
Q

What are the antivirals used to treat Hepatitis B + C?

A

Interferon-alpha
Ribavavin
Lamivudine
Adefovir Dipivoxil

89
Q

What are the 3 antivirals used to treat viral respiratory infections?

A

Zanamavir
Oseltamivir
Ribavarin

90
Q

What is Ribavavin used in combination with and what does it treat specifically?

A

Interferon-alpha

Hepatitis C

91
Q

What does Adefovir Dipivoxil used to treat specifically?

A

Hepatitis B

92
Q

What do both Zanamavir and Oseltamivir treat specifically?

A

Influenza A or B

93
Q

What is lamivudine used mainly in the treatment of but can also be used in the treatment of another viral infection?

A

Used mainly in HIV

Is also suitable for selected patients with Hep B

94
Q

What is Nevirapine and Saquinavir used in combination with?

A

The other HIV drug Zidovudine

95
Q

What do Famciclovir and Valaciclovir treat?

A

HSV and shingles

96
Q

What is the action of ganciclovir and valganciclovir?

A

CMV

Principles of Disease (14 decks)

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