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Principles of Disease > Antimicrobial Chemotherapy > Flashcards

Antimicrobial Chemotherapy Flashcards

1
Q

What is a bactericidal?

A

An antimicrobial that kills bacteria

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2
Q

What is a bacteriostatic?

A

An antimicrobial that inhibits the growth of bacteria

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3
Q

What does it mean when an organism is sensitive?

A

If it is inhibited or killed by levels of the antimicrobial that at are available at the site of infection

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4
Q

What does it mean when an organism is resistant?

A

If the organism is not killed or inhibited by levels of antimicrobial that are available at the site of infection

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5
Q

What is MIC?

A

Minimal inhibitory concentration - minimum concentration of the antimicrobial needed to inhibit visible growth of a given organism

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6
Q

What is MBC?

A

The minimal bactericidal concentration - minimum concentration of the antimicrobial needed to kill the organism

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7
Q

What is meant by topical administration?

A

Applied to the surface usually skin or mucous membranes

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8
Q

What is meant by systemic administration?

A

When it is taken internally either orally or parentally

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9
Q

What is meant by parental administration?

A

Administered either
IV
IM occasionally subcutaneously

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10
Q

What do antibiotic generally speaking do?

A

Kill or inhibit the action of bacteria

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11
Q

What are the 3 general ways in which antibiotics will inhibit or kill bacteria?

A

Inhibition of the cell wall synthesis
Inhibition of protein synthesis
Inhibition of nucleic acid synthesis

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12
Q

What are the 2 broad classes of the antibiotics that inhibit the synthesis of the cell wall?

A

B lactams

Glycopeptides

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13
Q

What was the original penicillin?

A

Benzyl penicillin

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14
Q

What are the 2 classes of B lactams?

A

Penicillin

Cephalosporins

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15
Q

What are the 2 classes of glycopeptides?

A

Vancomyan

Teicoplanin

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16
Q

What is a common problem with vancomyan treatment?

A

Toxicity can be a common problem

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17
Q

Do glycopeptides commonly treat gram positive or gram negative organisms?

A

Gram positive

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18
Q

What are the 2 classes of drugs that inhibit DNA synthesis?

A

Fluoroquinolones

Trimethoprin - Sulphamethoxazole

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19
Q

What is a commonly used fluoroquinolones?

A

Ciproflaxin

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20
Q

Why is ciproflaxin not suitable for children?

A

Affects the growth cartilage

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21
Q

Does ciproflaxin commonly treat gram positive or gram negative organisms?

A

Gram negative

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22
Q

What is trimethoprin commonly used to treat?

A

UTI’s

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23
Q

What part of synthesis do trimethoprin and sulphamethoxazole disrupt?

A

Purine synthesis

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24
Q

What 4 classes inhibit protein synthesis?

A

Aminoglycosides
Macrolides
Oxazolidinones
Cyclic Lipopeptide

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25
What is macrolide a useful alternative for?
Penicillin
26
What 3 bacteria classes are resistant to macrolide?
Staph aureus, strep pyogenes, strep pneumoniae
27
Do aminoglycosides treat gram positive or gram negative bacteria?
Gram negative
28
What is the most common aminoglycoside?
Getamicin
29
What is cyclic lipopeptide good at treating?
MRSA
30
Do cyclic lipopeptide treat gram negative or gram positive?
Gram positive
31
What oxazolidonones is the only one common in use?
Linezolid
32
What is linezolid good for treating?
MRSA
33
What are the 3 classes of antibiotics that inhibit the synthesis of nucleic acid?
Trimethoprim Sulphamethoxazole | Fluoroquinolones
34
What is ciprofloxacin effective against - gram negative or positive?
Gram negative
35
Who cannot take ciprofloxacin?
Children
36
Why can't ciprofloxacin be used in children?
It has dangerous interference with cartilage growth
37
How can resistance be acquired in bacteria?
Random mutation | The gene coding for resistance being transferred from bacteria to bacteria via plasmids
38
What can antibacterial resistance be carried on?
Plasmids or Transposons
39
What is B-lactamase?
An enyme which cleaves B-lactam rendering it inactive
40
What are the two ways to inhibit B-lactamase?
Introduce a second component which is a B-lactamase inhibitor Modify the antibiotic side chain to make it resistant
41
Which antibiotic is B-lactamase resistant?
Flucloaxillin
42
Give an example of a bacteria which produces B-lactamase
Staph. aureus
43
What are the 2 mechanisms of resistance to B-lactam antibiotics?
B-lactamase | The modification of PBP
44
What are PBP's?
Penicillin binding proteins
45
Why do PBP's alter their target sites?
So that B-lactam antibiotics cannot bind rendering them inactive
46
What organism is resistant to all penicillins and cephalosporins?
MRSA
47
What do ESBL's (extended spectrum B-lactamases) do?
Render the organisms resistant to all B lactams
48
Where is vancomycin resistance unusual?
Gram positive organisms
49
Where has vancomycin resistance to gram positive organisms appeared reently?
Enterococci
50
What are two other mechanisms of antibiotic resistance?
Blocking the transport of the antibiotic in | Actively transporting the antibiotic out
51
What are the 8 classes of penicillin?
``` Benzyl penicillin Amoxicillin Ampicillin Co-amoxiciav Flucloxacillin Piperacillin Implenem Meropenem ```
52
What is the best choice penicillin for streptococcus pneumoniae?
Benzyl penicillin
53
What was the original penicillin?
Benzyl penicillin
54
Is benzyl penicillin good for treating gram + or - ?
Gram positive
55
Amoxicillin and ampicillin have a much better what than benzyl penicillin?
Oral absorption
56
What is co-amoxiciav a combination of?
Amoxicillin with the B-lactamase inhibitor clavulanic acid
57
What is flucloxcillin the first choice treatment for and why?
Staphylcocci infections as resistant to B-lactamase
58
What is impenem active against?
Most bacterium
59
What is meropenum active against?
Most bacterium
60
What cover is piperacilllin extended to?
Gram negative organisms
61
What are the 2 glycopeptide antibiotics?
Vancomycin | Teicoplanin
62
What are vancomycin and teicoplanin effective against?
Gram positive ONLY
63
What is the aminoglycoside antibiotic?
Gentamicin
64
Why must gentamicin serum levels be closely monitored?
Because it has the potential for toxicity
65
What are the 2 macrolides antibiotics?
Clarithomycin | Erythromycin
66
What is clarithomycin and erythromycin effective against gram + or negative?
Positive
67
What are the 3 quinolones antibiotics?
Quinolones Nalidicix acid Ciproflaxacin
68
What does nalidicix acid treat?
UTI's
69
What does ciproflaxacin treat?
Gram negative
70
What is used for treating lower UTI infections?
Nitrofuranotoin
71
What is linezolid?
A newer agent with activity against MRSA
72
What is daptomycin useful against?
Gram positive and MRSA
73
What are the 5 miscellaneous antibiotics?
``` Fusidic acid Trimethoprim Metronidazole Clindamycin Tetracyclines ```
74
What are the 2 polyene antifungal drug commonly in use?
Amphotericin B | Nystatin
75
How is amphotericin B administered?
IV
76
What is the problem with amphotericin B?
It is toxic
77
How is nystatin administered?
Topically or in oral suspension
78
What are the 3 azoles anti fungal drugs?
Fluconazole Itraconazole Voriconazole
79
What does flucoanzole treat?
Yeast infection
80
What is the problem with flucoanzole?
Not all yeasts are sensitive to it
81
What are Itraconazole and | Voriconazole used to treat?
Aspergillosis
82
What are the 3 echinocandins drugs?
Caspofungin Mycafungin Anidulafungin
83
What do the echinocandins treat?
Serious candida and aspergillus infections
84
What is the allyamines antifungal drug?
Terbinafine
85
What is terbinafine used to treat?
Fungal infections of the skin and nails
86
What are the antivirals used to treat Herpes?
``` Aciclovir Famiciclovir Valaciclovir Ganciclovir Valganciclovir Foscarnet Cidofovir ```
87
What are the antivirals used to treat HIV?
Saquinavir Nevirapine Zidovudine
88
What are the antivirals used to treat Hepatitis B + C?
Interferon-alpha Ribavavin Lamivudine Adefovir Dipivoxil
89
What are the 3 antivirals used to treat viral respiratory infections?
Zanamavir Oseltamivir Ribavarin
90
What is Ribavavin used in combination with and what does it treat specifically?
Interferon-alpha | Hepatitis C
91
What does Adefovir Dipivoxil used to treat specifically?
Hepatitis B
92
What do both Zanamavir and Oseltamivir treat specifically?
Influenza A or B
93
What is lamivudine used mainly in the treatment of but can also be used in the treatment of another viral infection?
Used mainly in HIV | Is also suitable for selected patients with Hep B
94
What is Nevirapine and Saquinavir used in combination with?
The other HIV drug Zidovudine
95
What do Famciclovir and Valaciclovir treat?
HSV and shingles
96
What is the action of ganciclovir and valganciclovir?
CMV

Principles of Disease (14 decks)

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