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Principles of Disease > Inflammatory Response > Flashcards

Inflammatory Response Flashcards

(98 cards)

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1
Q

What are the cardinal signs of inflammation?

A 
Rubor - redness
Calor - heat 
Tumour - swelling 
Dolor - pain 
Loss of function
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2
Q

What is rubor?

A

Redness

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3
Q

What is calor?

A

Heat

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4
Q

What is a tumour?

A

Swelling

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5
Q

What is dolor?

A

Pain

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6
Q

What are some causes of acute inflammation?

A 
Micro-organism invasion
Chemical Upset 
Extreme physical conditions 
Dead tissue 
Hypersensitivity
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7
Q

How many classes of hypersensitivity are there?

A

4

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8
Q

What is accute inflammation

A

A series of microscopic events that are localised to the affected tissue

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9
Q

What is microcirculation?

A

The circulation of the blood in the smallest blood vessels

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10
Q

What is macrocirculation

A

The circulation of blood to and from the organs

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11
Q

What are capillary beds fed by?

A

Arterioles

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12
Q

What are capillary beds drained by?

A

Venules

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13
Q

What 3 things happen in accute inflammation?

A

Change in vessel radius- changing blood flow
Changes in the permeability of the vessel walls
Movement of neutrophils from the vessel to the extravascular space

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14
Q

Initially do changes in vessel radius constrict or relax and why?

A

Constrict - for protective reasons

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15
Q

Why is the arteriole radius increased?

A

as it increases local tissue blood flow

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16
Q

What is the effect of increased permeability in acute inflammation?

A

The net movement of plasma from the capillaries to the extravascular space

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17
Q

What is the process of movement of plasma from the capillaries to the extravascular space?

A

Exudation

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18
Q

What is oedema?

A

The accumulation of fluid in the extravascular space

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19
Q

Does blood viscosity increase or decrease with acute inflammation?

A

Increase

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20
Q

Why does blood viscosity increase with acute inflammation?

A

As the watery part of blood moves into the extravascular space making the blood thicker and slowing does its rate

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21
Q

The blood becoming thicker and the rate of blood flow slowing down is known as what?

A

Stasis

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22
Q

In normal blood flow where are WBC?

A

In the centre of the vessel

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23
Q

In normal blood flow where are RBC?

A

On the outer blood vessel

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24
Q

In inflammation blood flow where do neutrophils move to?

A

Closer to the surface of the vessel

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25
In inflammation why do neutrophils move closer to the surface of blood vessels?
To facilitate their movement from the vessel to the tissue
26
What is the most important WBC in acute inflammation?
Neutrophils
27
What is margination?
When neutrophils move to the endothelial aspect of the lumen
28
What is pavementing?
When neutrophils adhere to the endothelium
29
What is emigration?
When the neutrophils squeeze between endothelial cells to the extravascular tissues
30
What is the ideal outcome of acute inflammation?
Resolution
31
Describe resolution
``` The initing agent is isolated and destroyed Macrophages move in and phagocytose Epithelial regenerates Vascular changes return to normal Inflammation resolves Its as if it never happened ```
32
Inflammation at the meninges is known as what?
Meningites
33
Inflammation at the appendix is what?
Appendicitis
34
Inflammation at the lungs is what?
Pneumonia
35
Inflammation at the pleural cavity is what?
Pleurisy
36
Inflammation at the peritoneal cavity is what?
Peritonitis
37
What do neutrophils contain?
Granules that posses oxidants and enzymes
38
When neutrophils release heir contents what happens to them?
They die
39
What do dead neutrophils produce?
a soup of fluid - PUS
40
What does fibrinogen polymerise to form?
Fibrin
41
The immunoglobulins in plasma are specific for what?
Antigens
42
What is the collective effect of the mediators of acute inflammation?
``` vasodilation Increased permeability Neutrophil adhesion Chemotaxis - Cells moving towards the site of infection Itching and pain ```
43
Where is histamine preformed?
Mast cells, platelets and basophils
44
What does histamine cause?
Vasodilation | Increased membrane permeability
45
What is histamine released as a result of?
Local injury
46
Where do adhesion molecules appear?
On endothelial cells
47
Why are adhesion molecules important?
For helping neutrophils stick together
48
Where is prostaglandins released from?
Many cells
49
What effect does prostaglandins have?
Promoting histamine effects and inhibiting inflammatory cells
50
What are cytokines and chemokines produced by?
Macrophages and lymphocytes
51
Where are leukortrienes released from?
Neutrophils
52
Do all mediators favour inflammation?
No some favour and some inhibit inflammation
53
What are the immediate effects of inflammation?
Pyrexia - raised temperature Feeling generally unwell Increased WBC count
54
What are the longer term effects of acute inflammation
Lymph node enlargement Weight loss Anaemia
55
In chronic inflammation what is the main cell population?
Lymphocytes Plasma cells Macrophages
56
In acute inflammation what is the main cell population?
Neutrophils
57
What does chronic inflammation feature?
Tissue or organ damage
58
Eventually what does tissue and organ damage lead to the loss of?
The loss of their function
59
What are the 2 ways in which chronic inflammation can occur?
May follow from acute inflammation | May arise as a primary pathology
60
Does chronic inflammation tend to be long or short term?
Long
61
What are the symptoms of chronic inflammation?
Are often vague - not very specific Often get malaise Can get weight loss
62
How does chronic inflammation arise from acute inflammation?
If there is alot of damage, the inability to remove debris and ultimately the failure of acute inflammation to resolve
63
How does chronic inflammation arise as a primary lesion?
This occurs if there is no preceding acute phase and only chronic changes are seen in the inflammation
64
What is organisation an outcome of?
Acute inflammation
65
What type of tissue is characteristic of organisation?
Granulation tissue
66
What does granulation tissue do?
Results in healing and repair - leading to fibrosis and the formation of a scar
67
Why do capillaries grow into inflammatory mass?
To allow the acess of plasma proteins | Macrophages from the blood and tissue
68
What does fibrous tissue form?
A scar
69
Give an example of when fibrosis can become a problem and lead to chronic inflammation
Adhesions between loops of the bowel following peritonitis
70
What are the 3 outcomes of acute inflammation?
Resolution Fibrosis (scar) Chronic inflammation
71
What occurs in an autoimmune disease?
Our immune system attacks our own antigens
72
What is the effect of an autoimmune disease?
Our own tissues and cells are targeted by our immune system and destroyed
73
What are the tissue components of chronic inflammation?
Granulation tissue | Collagen
74
What are the cell components of chronic inflammation?
Lymphocytes Plasma cells Macrophages Fibrobasts
75
What are the main types of lymphocytes?
T cells and B cells
76
What is the main function of the lymphocytes?
Create an immune response and generate an immunological memory
77
What are plasma cells?
Differentiated B cells that are capable of antibody production
78
What organelle is visible in plasma cells and why?
The golgi apparatus because their main function is to package the Ab that are being expelled from the cell
79
What do activated B cells differentiate into?
Plasma cells
80
Do B cells create an immunological memory?
Yes
81
What other immune cell do B cells act with?
Macrophages
82
What do T cells produce?
Cytokines
83
What do T cells activate?
Macrophages and other cells
84
What mechanism do NK cells use to destroy cells and antigens?
Chemical mechanism involving the release of granule proteins
85
What do macrophages develop from?
Monocytes
86
Where are monocytes found?
In the bone marrow and bone tissue
87
What is suppuration?
An outcome of acute inflammation that involves pus formation
88
What is an abscess?
A collection of pus under pressure
89
What is a multiloculated abscess?
When the pus bursts through the pyogenic membrane and forms new cavities
90
What is organisation?
An outcome of acute inflammation that involves healing and repair of tissue - it leads to fibrosis and the formation of a scar
91
What is dissemination?
An outcome of acute inflammation that occurs when the inflammation spreads to the blood and becomes septic
92
What is bacteraemia?
When there is bacteria in the blood
93
What is septicaemia?
When there is the growth of bacteria in the blood
94
What is toxaemia?
When there are toxic products in the blood
95
What is SVR ( systemic vascular resistance)?
The resistance of the vessels
96
Why does SVR decrease in inflammation?
Because the blood vessels dilate
97
What is BP measured by?
CO x SVR
98
What is the outcome of septic shock?
Rapidly fatal Cell death Haemorrhage

Principles of Disease (14 decks)

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