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Principles of Disease > Inflammatory Response > Flashcards

Inflammatory Response Flashcards

1
Q

What are the cardinal signs of inflammation?

A 
Rubor - redness
Calor - heat 
Tumour - swelling 
Dolor - pain 
Loss of function
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2
Q

What is rubor?

A

Redness

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3
Q

What is calor?

A

Heat

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4
Q

What is a tumour?

A

Swelling

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5
Q

What is dolor?

A

Pain

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6
Q

What are some causes of acute inflammation?

A 
Micro-organism invasion
Chemical Upset 
Extreme physical conditions 
Dead tissue 
Hypersensitivity
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7
Q

How many classes of hypersensitivity are there?

A

4

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8
Q

What is accute inflammation

A

A series of microscopic events that are localised to the affected tissue

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9
Q

What is microcirculation?

A

The circulation of the blood in the smallest blood vessels

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10
Q

What is macrocirculation

A

The circulation of blood to and from the organs

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11
Q

What are capillary beds fed by?

A

Arterioles

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12
Q

What are capillary beds drained by?

A

Venules

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13
Q

What 3 things happen in accute inflammation?

A

Change in vessel radius- changing blood flow
Changes in the permeability of the vessel walls
Movement of neutrophils from the vessel to the extravascular space

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14
Q

Initially do changes in vessel radius constrict or relax and why?

A

Constrict - for protective reasons

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15
Q

Why is the arteriole radius increased?

A

as it increases local tissue blood flow

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16
Q

What is the effect of increased permeability in acute inflammation?

A

The net movement of plasma from the capillaries to the extravascular space

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17
Q

What is the process of movement of plasma from the capillaries to the extravascular space?

A

Exudation

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18
Q

What is oedema?

A

The accumulation of fluid in the extravascular space

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19
Q

Does blood viscosity increase or decrease with acute inflammation?

A

Increase

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20
Q

Why does blood viscosity increase with acute inflammation?

A

As the watery part of blood moves into the extravascular space making the blood thicker and slowing does its rate

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21
Q

The blood becoming thicker and the rate of blood flow slowing down is known as what?

A

Stasis

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22
Q

In normal blood flow where are WBC?

A

In the centre of the vessel

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23
Q

In normal blood flow where are RBC?

A

On the outer blood vessel

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24
Q

In inflammation blood flow where do neutrophils move to?

A

Closer to the surface of the vessel

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25
Q

In inflammation why do neutrophils move closer to the surface of blood vessels?

A

To facilitate their movement from the vessel to the tissue

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26
Q

What is the most important WBC in acute inflammation?

A

Neutrophils

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27
Q

What is margination?

A

When neutrophils move to the endothelial aspect of the lumen

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28
Q

What is pavementing?

A

When neutrophils adhere to the endothelium

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29
Q

What is emigration?

A

When the neutrophils squeeze between endothelial cells to the extravascular tissues

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30
Q

What is the ideal outcome of acute inflammation?

A

Resolution

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31
Q

Describe resolution

A 
The initing agent is isolated and destroyed
Macrophages move in and phagocytose 
Epithelial regenerates 
Vascular changes return to normal 
Inflammation resolves 
Its as if it never happened
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32
Q

Inflammation at the meninges is known as what?

A

Meningites

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33
Q

Inflammation at the appendix is what?

A

Appendicitis

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34
Q

Inflammation at the lungs is what?

A

Pneumonia

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35
Q

Inflammation at the pleural cavity is what?

A

Pleurisy

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36
Q

Inflammation at the peritoneal cavity is what?

A

Peritonitis

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37
Q

What do neutrophils contain?

A

Granules that posses oxidants and enzymes

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38
Q

When neutrophils release heir contents what happens to them?

A

They die

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39
Q

What do dead neutrophils produce?

A

a soup of fluid - PUS

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40
Q

What does fibrinogen polymerise to form?

A

Fibrin

41
Q

The immunoglobulins in plasma are specific for what?

A

Antigens

42
Q

What is the collective effect of the mediators of acute inflammation?

A 
vasodilation 
Increased permeability 
Neutrophil adhesion 
Chemotaxis - Cells moving towards the site of infection 
Itching and pain
43
Q

Where is histamine preformed?

A

Mast cells, platelets and basophils

44
Q

What does histamine cause?

A

Vasodilation

Increased membrane permeability

45
Q

What is histamine released as a result of?

A

Local injury

46
Q

Where do adhesion molecules appear?

A

On endothelial cells

47
Q

Why are adhesion molecules important?

A

For helping neutrophils stick together

48
Q

Where is prostaglandins released from?

A

Many cells

49
Q

What effect does prostaglandins have?

A

Promoting histamine effects and inhibiting inflammatory cells

50
Q

What are cytokines and chemokines produced by?

A

Macrophages and lymphocytes

51
Q

Where are leukortrienes released from?

A

Neutrophils

52
Q

Do all mediators favour inflammation?

A

No some favour and some inhibit inflammation

53
Q

What are the immediate effects of inflammation?

A

Pyrexia - raised temperature
Feeling generally unwell
Increased WBC count

54
Q

What are the longer term effects of acute inflammation

A

Lymph node enlargement
Weight loss
Anaemia

55
Q

In chronic inflammation what is the main cell population?

A

Lymphocytes
Plasma cells
Macrophages

56
Q

In acute inflammation what is the main cell population?

A

Neutrophils

57
Q

What does chronic inflammation feature?

A

Tissue or organ damage

58
Q

Eventually what does tissue and organ damage lead to the loss of?

A

The loss of their function

59
Q

What are the 2 ways in which chronic inflammation can occur?

A

May follow from acute inflammation

May arise as a primary pathology

60
Q

Does chronic inflammation tend to be long or short term?

A

Long

61
Q

What are the symptoms of chronic inflammation?

A

Are often vague - not very specific
Often get malaise
Can get weight loss

62
Q

How does chronic inflammation arise from acute inflammation?

A

If there is alot of damage, the inability to remove debris and ultimately the failure of acute inflammation to resolve

63
Q

How does chronic inflammation arise as a primary lesion?

A

This occurs if there is no preceding acute phase and only chronic changes are seen in the inflammation

64
Q

What is organisation an outcome of?

A

Acute inflammation

65
Q

What type of tissue is characteristic of organisation?

A

Granulation tissue

66
Q

What does granulation tissue do?

A

Results in healing and repair - leading to fibrosis and the formation of a scar

67
Q

Why do capillaries grow into inflammatory mass?

A

To allow the acess of plasma proteins

Macrophages from the blood and tissue

68
Q

What does fibrous tissue form?

A

A scar

69
Q

Give an example of when fibrosis can become a problem and lead to chronic inflammation

A

Adhesions between loops of the bowel following peritonitis

70
Q

What are the 3 outcomes of acute inflammation?

A

Resolution
Fibrosis (scar)
Chronic inflammation

71
Q

What occurs in an autoimmune disease?

A

Our immune system attacks our own antigens

72
Q

What is the effect of an autoimmune disease?

A

Our own tissues and cells are targeted by our immune system and destroyed

73
Q

What are the tissue components of chronic inflammation?

A

Granulation tissue

Collagen

74
Q

What are the cell components of chronic inflammation?

A

Lymphocytes
Plasma cells
Macrophages
Fibrobasts

75
Q

What are the main types of lymphocytes?

A

T cells and B cells

76
Q

What is the main function of the lymphocytes?

A

Create an immune response and generate an immunological memory

77
Q

What are plasma cells?

A

Differentiated B cells that are capable of antibody production

78
Q

What organelle is visible in plasma cells and why?

A

The golgi apparatus because their main function is to package the Ab that are being expelled from the cell

79
Q

What do activated B cells differentiate into?

A

Plasma cells

80
Q

Do B cells create an immunological memory?

A

Yes

81
Q

What other immune cell do B cells act with?

A

Macrophages

82
Q

What do T cells produce?

A

Cytokines

83
Q

What do T cells activate?

A

Macrophages and other cells

84
Q

What mechanism do NK cells use to destroy cells and antigens?

A

Chemical mechanism involving the release of granule proteins

85
Q

What do macrophages develop from?

A

Monocytes

86
Q

Where are monocytes found?

A

In the bone marrow and bone tissue

87
Q

What is suppuration?

A

An outcome of acute inflammation that involves pus formation

88
Q

What is an abscess?

A

A collection of pus under pressure

89
Q

What is a multiloculated abscess?

A

When the pus bursts through the pyogenic membrane and forms new cavities

90
Q

What is organisation?

A

An outcome of acute inflammation that involves healing and repair of tissue - it leads to fibrosis and the formation of a scar

91
Q

What is dissemination?

A

An outcome of acute inflammation that occurs when the inflammation spreads to the blood and becomes septic

92
Q

What is bacteraemia?

A

When there is bacteria in the blood

93
Q

What is septicaemia?

A

When there is the growth of bacteria in the blood

94
Q

What is toxaemia?

A

When there are toxic products in the blood

95
Q

What is SVR ( systemic vascular resistance)?

A

The resistance of the vessels

96
Q

Why does SVR decrease in inflammation?

A

Because the blood vessels dilate

97
Q

What is BP measured by?

A

CO x SVR

98
Q

What is the outcome of septic shock?

A

Rapidly fatal
Cell death
Haemorrhage

Principles of Disease (14 decks)

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