Principles Of Immunisation Flashcards
Why does a decrease in measles mean a decrease in various infections?
Measles affects immunological memory
What’s the difference between active and passive memory.
Passive is quicker but no immunological memory
Short term
Can cause serum sickness
What is serum sickness?
The injected antibodies become a forge in substance and the body beans to attack them
Like an allergy
What is natural passive immunity?
Maternal IgG can be transferred to the foetus using neonatal Fc receptors in the gut
What are examples of using passive immunity in clinical settings?
For snake bites
Given with the rabies vaccine so the body can fight the virus and develop immune cells
What is a vaccination?
The administration of antigenic material to stimulate an individuals immune system to develop adaptive immunity to a pathogen.
What are the conventional vaccines?
Killed whole organism
Attenuated whole organism (virus)
Describe the killed whole organism vaccine?
Easy
Needs booster shots
Must ensure microbe is fully dead
Usually done by heating the microbe
What is an attenuated vaccine?
You take an avirulent strain with reduced pathogenic affects so the body is prepared for future challenges
You need it at cold temperatures and it might revert back to the initial virus
How to weaken pathogens?
We take the virus and put it in monkey cells
The virus adapts to fit the monkey
We take out the perfectly adapted virus for the monkey cell and put them in humans so no effect happens
What are the subunit vaccines?
Recombinant proteins using surface antigens and viral proteins
What are the toxoid vaccines?
Typically bacterial
Take toxin purify it
Fix it with formalin
Can stimulate an immune response but isn’t toxic
Hence it’s toxoid
Why might someone not take vaccines? (Contraindications)
Pregnancy especially live attenuated
Allergy
Immunocomprimised
What is herd immunity?
Protect the unvaccinated using the vaccinates as a barrier
What do we want vaccines to do in our body?
Release antibodies IgG
Release CD8 and CD4 cells
Develop immunological memory
Why is BCG special?
It doesn’t produce any antibodies only specific CD4 cells
It’s a strong t helper cell response
What vaccine is taken during the 5 months of being alive?
DTPP
2,3 and 4 months
What vaccine is taken at 12/13?
HPV females only
When is the MMR vaccine taken?
Around 3 years
What are extra non routine vaccines?
BCG for those in contact with TB
What are vaccines for travellers?
Hepatitis A
Typhoid
Cholera
Rabies
Yellow fever
What is the cold chain network
Global network of cold rooms and carriers to keep vaccines at the right temperature wherever
What is Antigenic shift?
When a host is co infected with 2 virus.
The 2 virus will merge their dna/rna strains together to form a new subtype of virus.
After polio what disease do we want to eradicate next?
Hepatitis B
Because no natural reservoir of it. (I.e. no other species gets it normally so we can use vaccine to eradicate it)
What is the pathogens are young babies vulnerable to?
Encapsulated pathogens
Have a polysaccharide layer around
And they can’t make long term antibodies
What does hepatitis B link to?
Liver cancer
What are checkpoint inhibitor antibodies?
Cancer cells have checkpoints on them which get detected by T cells and prevent an immune response form happening.
These antibodies block the checkpoint so the T cell can kill the cancer.
How are babies given certain vaccines for encapsulated pathogens?
Attach protein carriers to the carbohydrate capsule to evoke a greater immune response
What is Ipi?
It’s a post tumour immunisation.
When given to certain people it prevents cancer relapse.
What is a contraindication?
A reason to not get medical treatment
For example allergy to vaccine
How does antigenic shift affect vaccine making abilities?
It allows for new specimen or strains of the microbe to form which can cause further illness
