Antimicrobial

Question 1

What is always resistant to aminoglycosides ?

Answer 1

Streptococci

Question 2

What are the types of resistance?

Answer 2

Inherent
Accquired

Question 3

What is always resistant to vancomycin?

Answer 3

Gram negative
Vancomycin can’t enter the cell membrane

Question 4

What does acquired resistance mean?

Answer 4

It’s present in some strains and not other so laboratory sensitive testing is required.
To test patients specific bacteria

Question 5

How can resistance be accquired?

Answer 5

Spontaneous
Spread of resistance

Question 6

What is spontaneous?

Answer 6

Mutation to change structure

Question 7

How is resistance spread?

Answer 7

Conjugation
Transduction
Transformation

Question 8

What is conjugation?

Answer 8

Plasmids get copied
Bacteria cells join so plasmid can move through

Question 9

What is transformation?

Answer 9

Bacteria copy and then releases it out
Uptake of naked DNA by the other bacteria

Question 10

What is transduction?

Answer 10

Bacterial dna is transferred by a virus (a phage)

Question 11

How has penicillin resistance come about?

Answer 11

Beta lactamase is produced
Which break the b lactam ring in penicillin which makes it inactive

Question 12

How to overcome beta lactamase?

Answer 12

Add a beta lactamase inhibitor
Either give both antibiotic drug and inhibitor together&raquo_space; 2 tablets
Or chemically add on the inhibitor to the antibiotic&raquo_space; 1 tablet

Question 13

What are ESBLs?

Answer 13

Extended spectrum Beta Lactamases
Evolved versions of lactamase enzymes produced by bacteria which gives resistance to cephalosporin and penicillin

Question 14

Which bacteria produces ESBL?

Answer 14

Klebsiella and E . Coli
Produce UTIs

Question 15

What is another antibiotics par penicillin facing antibiotic resistance?

Answer 15

Carbapenemase producing enterobacteria
CPE
Carbpenem resistant enterobacteria
CRE

Question 16

What is carbapenem?

Answer 16

B lactam
Lost of resistance
Not much alternative

Question 17

Why does b lactam resistant happen?

Answer 17

Beta lactamase produced
Altering PBP

Question 18

What is PBP?

Answer 18

Penicillin binding protein
This is where beta lactams bind

Question 19

What resistance mechanism does MRSA have?

Answer 19

Has changed the shape of PBP so lactam ring on penicillin can’t bind to bacteria anymore

Question 20

Is anything resistant to vancomycin?

Answer 20

Yups vancomycin resistant enterococci
KEEP IT AWAY FROM MRSA

Question 21

What is normally used for gram positive?

Answer 21

Benzyl penicillin

Question 22

What is normally used for gram negative?

Answer 22

Amoxicillin

Question 23

What is co amoxiclav used for?

Answer 23

B lactamase producing coliform.
(This is the mixed b lactamase inhibitor drug)

Question 24

How should glycopeptides be administered?

Answer 24

Parenteral only

Question 25

When are marcoclides used?

Answer 25

As an alternative for penicillin for people with the allergy

Question 26

When can fluoroquinolones be used?

Answer 26

Only for oral therapy for treatment of pseudomonas mainly

Question 27

What is useful for anaerobes?

Answer 27

Metronidazole
Nucleic acid inhibitor

Question 28

What is tetracycline useful for?

Answer 28

Genital and resp tract infection

Question 29

What type of antimicrobial is used for UTIs?

Answer 29

Quinolones

Question 30

What are some side effects of antiobiotics?

Answer 30

Allergic reaction
Anaphylactic shock
Thrush