Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Principles Of Disease Year 1 > Acute Inflammation > Flashcards

Acute Inflammation Flashcards

1
Q

Define Acute inflammation

A

Series of protective changes occurring in living tissue as a response injury

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is a cutaneous abscess?

A

An abscess in the surface of the skin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is rubor

A

Redness for white people
Darkenning for coloured

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is calor?

A

Heat

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is a tumor?

A

Swelling

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is dolor?

A

Pain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What causes acute inflammation?

A

Microbes - pathogens
Mechanical - trauma injury to tissue
Chemical- upset stable environment pH changes
Physical - extreme condition
Dead tissue- cell necrosis irritates adjacent tissue
Hypersensitivity - several classes of reaction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Where does the process of acute inflammation?

A

Localised to affect tissue
Take place in micro circulation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is microcirculation?

A

It is a system of capillaries arterioles and venules
Drained by the lymphatic system
Relaying on hydrostatic and osmotic pressure for movement

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is exudation?

A

Change in vessel wall permeability

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What are the steps in acute inflammation?

A

Change in vessel radius
Change in vessel permeability
Movement of neutrophils

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Why does inflammation have observed reedness and heat?

A

Increased arteriolar radius increases local tissue blood flow

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

How does the radius of arterioles change during inflammation?

A

Transcient arteriolar constriction
Local arteriolar dialation
Relaxes smooth muscles in vessel

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What does transient arteriolar constrcition mean?

A

Arterioles construct for a few moments due to mechanical pressure and as a protective mechanism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is the triple response?

A

Flush
Flare
Wheal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is increased permeability?

A

Localised vascular response
Microvascular bed
Endothelial leak
Locally produced chemical mediator

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is leaked in exudate?

A

Fluid rich protein in plasma including immunoglobulin and fibrinogen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What are the effects of exudation?

A

1) Oedema is formed
Accumulates and causes swelling
Swelling causes pain and reduced function
2) fluid loss increases viscosity
Flow rate reduces

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

How does normal laminar flow look?

A

Plasma
With white blood cells (neutrophils) in the middle surrounded by erythrocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

How is the flow during inflammation?

A

Erythrocytes clump in the centre
White blood cells moves to the outsides (margination )

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is margination of white blood cells?

A

White blood cells move to the endothelial aspect of lumen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What are the phases of emigration?

A

Margination
Pavementing
Emigration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What is diapedesis?

A

Red blood cells follow the neutrophils out as a passive flow

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What is emigration?

A

Neutrophils squeeze between endothelial cells (active process)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What is pavementing?

A

Neutrophils adhere to endothelium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

How is inflammation resolved?

A

Inciting agents isolated
Macrophages eat debris
Epithelial suurfae regenerated
Exudate filters away
Vascular changes return to normal
Inflammation resolved

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What are the outcomes of acute inflammation?

A

Resolution
Suppuration
Organisation
Chronic inflammation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What do neutrophils do?

A

Recognise forgiegn organism and move towards it via chemotaxis and adhere to it
Releases granules contains oxidants and enzymes like H2O2
DESTROY AND PHAGOCYTOSE

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What are the consequence of neutrophil action?

A

Neutrophils die when granule contents are released
Forms a soup of fluids and endogenous proteins
Can extend to the tissue and promote inflammation

30
Q

What do plasma proteins do in inflammation?

A

Fibrinogen - coagulation
Immunoglobulins for humoral repsonse

31
Q

What mediates acute inflammation?

A

Molecules on the endothelial cell surface
Molecules released from cells
Molecules in the plasma
Molecule inside cells

32
Q

What happens as a result of mediators?

A

Vasodilation
Increased permeability
Neutrophil adhesion
Chemotaxis
Itch and pain

33
Q

What are cell surface mediators?

A

Adhesion molecules on the endothelial cells
Like ICAM-1

34
Q

What do histamines do?

A

Cause vasodialtion and bring mast cells and platelets to the injured area

35
Q

What does serotonin do?

A

Vasoconstriction

36
Q

What do prostglandins do?

A

Promote histamine effects
Inhibit inflammatory cells
Promotes platelet aggregation (clustering)
Vasoconstriction

37
Q

What are cytokines?

A

Molecules produced by macrophages and lymphocytes in response to inflammation
Causes pro and anti inflammatory responses based on the type of cytokine
Cell signalling molecule

38
Q

What does nitric oxide do?

A

Smooth muscle relaxation
Anti platelet

39
Q

What do oxygen radicals do?

A

Amplify other mediators

40
Q

Who produces oxygen free radicals?

A

Neutrophils

41
Q

What is microbial antigen signalling?

A

If a microbial antigen is present
It forms a concentration gradient to attract a neutrophil which forms inflammation

42
Q

What type of immunity is acute inflammation ?

A

Innate

43
Q

What is danger associated molecular pattern?

A

Substances released for particular stimuli
Causes cellular behaviour to ensure inflammation continues

44
Q

How do microbes cause inflammation?

A

The antigens trigger molecular pathways which causes inflammatory cytokine production in cell nucleus

45
Q

Why is fibrinolysis important?

A

Keeps clotting localiseed

46
Q

What is pyrexia?

A

Raised temp

47
Q

Why do we get pyrexia in inflammation?

A

Endogenous pyrogens released from WBC
It’s a CNS effect from the hypothalamus

48
Q

What does neutrophilia mean?

A

More neutrophils in the blood

49
Q

What happens if inflammation persists?

A

Constant production of wbc reuslts in lymphadenopathy
Weight loss
Anaemia

50
Q

Whta is lymphadenopathy?

A

Regional lymph node enlargement

51
Q

Why does inflammation cause weight loss?

A

Inflammation is a catabolic process and sues up energy hence causes weight loss

52
Q

What are the outcomes of inflammation?

A

Pus build up
Dead Tissue dead cells and fibrin sit in pypgenic membranes

53
Q

What are capillary sprouts?

A

They are capillary blood vessels which grow into sites of inflammation so red blood cells can be supplied

54
Q

What is an abscess?

A

Collection of pus under pressure
Discharges pus and breaks the skin
Like a pimple

55
Q

What is granulation tissue?

A

Capillary sprouts growing around the edge of abscess towards the centre in the pyogenic membrane

56
Q

What is a multipculated abscess?

A

It discharges sideways to form new abscesses rather than out a

57
Q

What is Pyaemia?

A

Pus in the blood instead of the surface

58
Q

Whta are the stages of healing for acute inflammation caused by wounds?

A

Granulation Tissue formation
Helping and repair
Fibrosis
Scar formation

59
Q

What is in granulation tissue?

A

New capillary
Fibroblasts
Macrophages

60
Q

What is bacteraemia ?

A

Bacteria in the blood

61
Q

What is septicaemia?

A

Growth pf bacteria in the blood

62
Q

What is toxaemia?

A

Toxic products in blood

63
Q

True or False
Bacteraemia is more common than septicaemia

A

True

64
Q

What does shock mean?

A

Inability to perfuse tissue

65
Q

What are the clinical signs of early septic shock?

A

Tachycardia
Hypotension
Pyrexia
Peripheral vasodilation

66
Q

Why do we get the symptoms (low BP, high heart rate, vasodilation) during septicaemia shock?

A

Hormones for inflammation aren’t localised
Blood vessels dialate as a result of hormonal activity
Hence blood pressure decreases
Heart rate increase in an attempt to increase blood pressure

67
Q

Why are young people likely to die from sepsis?

A

Their hearts are better
Hence their heart can handle high heart rates so they will seem fine till the very last moment whereas older people tend to gradually get worse

68
Q

What are the outcomes of acute inflammation?

A

Resolution
Suppuration
Organisation
Dissemination
Chronic inflammation

69
Q

What is dissemination?

A

Spread to organs and body

70
Q

Why is septic shock bad?

A

We get Tissue hypoxia and consequently cell death

71
Q

What is the organisation part of acute inflammation?

A

Universal patch
Formation of granulation tissue during helaing

Principles Of Disease Year 1 (16 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions