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Principles Of Disease Year 1 > Acute Inflammation > Flashcards

Acute Inflammation Flashcards

1
Q

Define Acute inflammation

A

Series of protective changes occurring in living tissue as a response injury

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2
Q

What is a cutaneous abscess?

A

An abscess in the surface of the skin

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3
Q

What is rubor

A

Redness for white people
Darkenning for coloured

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4
Q

What is calor?

A

Heat

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5
Q

What is a tumor?

A

Swelling

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6
Q

What is dolor?

A

Pain

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7
Q

What causes acute inflammation?

A

Microbes - pathogens
Mechanical - trauma injury to tissue
Chemical- upset stable environment pH changes
Physical - extreme condition
Dead tissue- cell necrosis irritates adjacent tissue
Hypersensitivity - several classes of reaction

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8
Q

Where does the process of acute inflammation?

A

Localised to affect tissue
Take place in micro circulation

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9
Q

What is microcirculation?

A

It is a system of capillaries arterioles and venules
Drained by the lymphatic system
Relaying on hydrostatic and osmotic pressure for movement

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10
Q

What is exudation?

A

Change in vessel wall permeability

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11
Q

What are the steps in acute inflammation?

A

Change in vessel radius
Change in vessel permeability
Movement of neutrophils

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12
Q

Why does inflammation have observed reedness and heat?

A

Increased arteriolar radius increases local tissue blood flow

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13
Q

How does the radius of arterioles change during inflammation?

A

Transcient arteriolar constriction
Local arteriolar dialation
Relaxes smooth muscles in vessel

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14
Q

What does transient arteriolar constrcition mean?

A

Arterioles construct for a few moments due to mechanical pressure and as a protective mechanism

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15
Q

What is the triple response?

A

Flush
Flare
Wheal

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16
Q

What is increased permeability?

A

Localised vascular response
Microvascular bed
Endothelial leak
Locally produced chemical mediator

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17
Q

What is leaked in exudate?

A

Fluid rich protein in plasma including immunoglobulin and fibrinogen

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18
Q

What are the effects of exudation?

A

1) Oedema is formed
Accumulates and causes swelling
Swelling causes pain and reduced function
2) fluid loss increases viscosity
Flow rate reduces

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19
Q

How does normal laminar flow look?

A

Plasma
With white blood cells (neutrophils) in the middle surrounded by erythrocytes

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20
Q

How is the flow during inflammation?

A

Erythrocytes clump in the centre
White blood cells moves to the outsides (margination )

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21
Q

What is margination of white blood cells?

A

White blood cells move to the endothelial aspect of lumen

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22
Q

What are the phases of emigration?

A

Margination
Pavementing
Emigration

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23
Q

What is diapedesis?

A

Red blood cells follow the neutrophils out as a passive flow

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24
Q

What is emigration?

A

Neutrophils squeeze between endothelial cells (active process)

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25
What is pavementing?
Neutrophils adhere to endothelium
26
How is inflammation resolved?
Inciting agents isolated Macrophages eat debris Epithelial suurfae regenerated Exudate filters away Vascular changes return to normal Inflammation resolved
27
What are the outcomes of acute inflammation?
Resolution Suppuration Organisation Chronic inflammation
28
What do neutrophils do?
Recognise forgiegn organism and move towards it via chemotaxis and adhere to it Releases granules contains oxidants and enzymes like H2O2 DESTROY AND PHAGOCYTOSE
29
What are the consequence of neutrophil action?
Neutrophils die when granule contents are released Forms a soup of fluids and endogenous proteins Can extend to the tissue and promote inflammation
30
What do plasma proteins do in inflammation?
Fibrinogen - coagulation Immunoglobulins for humoral repsonse
31
What mediates acute inflammation?
Molecules on the endothelial cell surface Molecules released from cells Molecules in the plasma Molecule inside cells
32
What happens as a result of mediators?
Vasodilation Increased permeability Neutrophil adhesion Chemotaxis Itch and pain
33
What are cell surface mediators?
Adhesion molecules on the endothelial cells Like ICAM-1
34
What do histamines do?
Cause vasodialtion and bring mast cells and platelets to the injured area
35
What does serotonin do?
Vasoconstriction
36
What do prostglandins do?
Promote histamine effects Inhibit inflammatory cells Promotes platelet aggregation (clustering) Vasoconstriction
37
What are cytokines?
Molecules produced by macrophages and lymphocytes in response to inflammation Causes pro and anti inflammatory responses based on the type of cytokine Cell signalling molecule
38
What does nitric oxide do?
Smooth muscle relaxation Anti platelet
39
What do oxygen radicals do?
Amplify other mediators
40
Who produces oxygen free radicals?
Neutrophils
41
What is microbial antigen signalling?
If a microbial antigen is present It forms a concentration gradient to attract a neutrophil which forms inflammation
42
What type of immunity is acute inflammation ?
Innate
43
What is danger associated molecular pattern?
Substances released for particular stimuli Causes cellular behaviour to ensure inflammation continues
44
How do microbes cause inflammation?
The antigens trigger molecular pathways which causes inflammatory cytokine production in cell nucleus
45
Why is fibrinolysis important?
Keeps clotting localiseed
46
What is pyrexia?
Raised temp
47
Why do we get pyrexia in inflammation?
Endogenous pyrogens released from WBC It's a CNS effect from the hypothalamus
48
What does neutrophilia mean?
More neutrophils in the blood
49
What happens if inflammation persists?
Constant production of wbc reuslts in lymphadenopathy Weight loss Anaemia
50
Whta is lymphadenopathy?
Regional lymph node enlargement
51
Why does inflammation cause weight loss?
Inflammation is a catabolic process and sues up energy hence causes weight loss
52
What are the outcomes of inflammation?
Pus build up Dead Tissue dead cells and fibrin sit in pypgenic membranes
53
What are capillary sprouts?
They are capillary blood vessels which grow into sites of inflammation so red blood cells can be supplied
54
What is an abscess?
Collection of pus under pressure Discharges pus and breaks the skin Like a pimple
55
What is granulation tissue?
Capillary sprouts growing around the edge of abscess towards the centre in the pyogenic membrane
56
What is a multipculated abscess?
It discharges sideways to form new abscesses rather than out a
57
What is Pyaemia?
Pus in the blood instead of the surface
58
Whta are the stages of healing for acute inflammation caused by wounds?
Granulation Tissue formation Helping and repair Fibrosis Scar formation
59
What is in granulation tissue?
New capillary Fibroblasts Macrophages
60
What is bacteraemia ?
Bacteria in the blood
61
What is septicaemia?
Growth pf bacteria in the blood
62
What is toxaemia?
Toxic products in blood
63
True or False Bacteraemia is more common than septicaemia
True
64
What does shock mean?
Inability to perfuse tissue
65
What are the clinical signs of early septic shock?
Tachycardia Hypotension Pyrexia Peripheral vasodilation
66
Why do we get the symptoms (low BP, high heart rate, vasodilation) during septicaemia shock?
Hormones for inflammation aren't localised Blood vessels dialate as a result of hormonal activity Hence blood pressure decreases Heart rate increase in an attempt to increase blood pressure
67
Why are young people likely to die from sepsis?
Their hearts are better Hence their heart can handle high heart rates so they will seem fine till the very last moment whereas older people tend to gradually get worse
68
What are the outcomes of acute inflammation?
Resolution Suppuration Organisation Dissemination Chronic inflammation
69
What is dissemination?
Spread to organs and body
70
Why is septic shock bad?
We get Tissue hypoxia and consequently cell death
71
What is the organisation part of acute inflammation?
Universal patch Formation of granulation tissue during helaing

Principles Of Disease Year 1 (16 decks)

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