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Principles Of Disease Year 1 > Circulation > Flashcards

Circulation Flashcards

1
Q

How does the inside of a normal artery look like?

A

Endothelial cells on the basal lamina which are smooth muscle cells
Surrounded by interstitial collagen fibres around it.

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2
Q

What is serum?

A

Blood plasma without clotting factors

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3
Q

Where are clotting factors made?

A

Mainly produced by the liver
Also produced by endothelial cells

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4
Q

What is an amplification system?

A

It causes fibrin to increase and TF to reduce

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5
Q

What is an overview of an amplification system?

A

Prothrombin into thrombin
Which causes fibrinogen into fibrin

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6
Q

What triggers the clotting cascade?

A

Exposure of interstitial collagen and exposure of TF (tissue factors)

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7
Q

What are the 2 mechanisms of clotting?

A

Thrombosis
Clotting

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8
Q

What does plasma consist of?

A

Water and numerous proteins

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9
Q

What is serum?

A

Plasma without clotting factors

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10
Q

How are clotting factors named?

A

Roman numerals
I.e clotting factor VIII

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11
Q

What does thrombin do?

A

Covert soluble firbrinogen into insoluble fibrin

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12
Q

What happens in the clotting cascade?

A

Damage causes the release of tissue factors from smooth muscle
This promotes change of prothothrombin to thrombin which causes fibrinogen to become fibrin

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13
Q

What triggers the release of tissue factors?

A

Exposure of interstitial collagen to the serum due to trauma

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14
Q

How does the clotting cascade keep going?

A

Most clotting factors are serine proteases
An activated serine molecule acts as a precursor for the next clotting factor

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15
Q

Where are platelets made?

A

Bone marrow from megakaryocytes

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16
Q

Why is division in megakaryocytes?

A

Nuclear division of the cell therefore its a huge cell with many nuclei
Platelets bud off the cytoplasm

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17
Q

How do platelets cause clotting?

A

Platelets adhere together to bridge close the gap in vessels by becoming sticky when activated

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18
Q

What are the types of coagulation?

A

Thrombus formation
Clot formation

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19
Q

What is thrombus formation?

A

Occurs when blood is flowing
Platelets and fibrin combine to form a platelet thrombus on the blood vessel wall

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20
Q

What is a clot formation?

A

Network of fibrin and red blood cells formed. By exposure to collagen and stagnant blood

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21
Q

What is haemostasis?

A

Stopping bleeding

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22
Q

Why does vasoconstriction happen in injury?

A

It decrease the size of vessels consequently decreases amount of blood loss

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23
Q

Why do clots form?

A

Prevent excessive bleeding
Allows for formation of a thrombus

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24
Q

What is granulation tissue?

A

When new vessels grow into the wound/clot to keep it oxygenated
The new vesssel is called granulation tissue

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25
Q

How is a thrombus removed?

A

Plasminogen in the blood gets converted to plasmin
This cuts fibrin into small fragments

26
Q

What is thrombolysis?

A

Removing of a thrombus by removing fibrin

27
Q

What is the fibrinolytic system?

A

A system which removes fibrin and stops thrombin from propagating which is in balance with the clotting system

28
Q

When is thrombosis and clotting normal?

A

Stop bleeding during metabolism
Wound healing

29
Q

What are the 3 main causes of thrombosis?

A

Changes of the internal surface of a vessel
Change in blood flow pattern
Change in blood constituents

30
Q

What is Virchows triad?

A
  1. Changes in the intimal surface of a vessel
  2. Changes in the pattern of blood flow
  3. Changes in the blood constituents
31
Q

What is an amplification system?

A

Clotting factors activates other clotting factors to enhance the clotting system

32
Q

When is thrombosis normal?

A

Cut

33
Q

When is thrombosis abnormal

A

No cut or injury

34
Q

How does smoking affect thrombosis?

A

It makes platelets more sticky
Hence a thrombosis is likely to occur

35
Q

What is atheroma?

A

Disease of coronary artery which results in build up of lipid under intimal surface. (In between outermost layers of artery)

36
Q

How does atheroma cause problems with thrombosis?

A

Causes slowed blood flow hence increase chances of clotting
Or the lipid ruptures the artery which exposes the collagen to platelets and fibrin causing thrombosis
This also causes blood to stop flowing and develop a clot

37
Q

What are the lines of Zahn?

A
38
Q

What is ischaemia?

A

Poor blood flow

39
Q

How does ischaemia cause hypoxia?

A

Poor blood flow means less oxygen in tissues

40
Q

What is an infarct?

A

Localised area of dead tissue due to hypoxia killing cells
Ischaemic necrosis

41
Q

What is an embolism?

A

Mass of material in blood vessels which can block lumens
Typically clots or thrombi

42
Q

What is a thromboembolism?

A

Thrombi or clot which embolises

43
Q

How can a pulmonary embolism arise?

A

Slow flow in leg vein causes clot to form. Clot travels through the vein through the heart and into the lungs

44
Q

Why must you check your syringe for air bubbles.

A

Can cause an air embolism

45
Q

What is circulatory shock?

A

Bad circulatory failure as organs can’t get sufficient diffused blood.

46
Q

What is normal bp?

A

120/80
Much lower venous pressure

47
Q

When is it shock?

A

Low bp
Fast pulse

48
Q

Explain what happens in shock?

A
49
Q

How does septicaemia chase septic shock?

A

Infection in blood causes vasodilation so blood begins to pool and doesn’t spread around the body

50
Q

What are the main complications of shock?

A

Decreased perfusion to organs like kidneys or brain.

51
Q

What are the 3 main causes of circulatory shock?

A

Hypovolaemic
Septic
Cardiogenic

52
Q

What surrounds the basal lamina of vessels?

A

Elastic tissue

53
Q

How is blood pressure maintained?

A

Enough blood in the system
Smooth muscles gave enough tone
Heart pumping blood

54
Q

What is hypovolaemic shock?

A

Haemorrhage
Less systemic blood
Hence decrease pressure
Vessels collapse
Blood can’t enter heart
Now blood can’t go around body

Systemic blood pressure drops

55
Q

What do cartoid sinuses do?

A

Sense lower systemic pressure
Upregulates sympathetic system
Rapid breathing and fast pulse to try and increase bp

56
Q

What happens in Cardiogenic shock?

A

Heart can’t pump blood as heart is failing
Blood pressure drops
Pulse increases

57
Q

What happens in septic shock?

A

Too much Vasodilation occurs as there’s an infection in blood
Too much dilation not enough blood in circulation

58
Q

What happens in severe septic shock?

A

Muscles in heart lose their tone as they don’t get enough oxygen and nutrients and leads to wastage or acidosis
Heart rate is slowed hence bradycardia

59
Q

What pressure drops in septic shock?

A

Arterial as vasodilation causes it

60
Q

What pressure drops in hypovalemic ?

A

Venous

61
Q

What are complications of shock?

A

Brain injury as decreased perfusion to brain (MOST IMP AND HAPPENS FISRT ISH)
Decreased perfusion of kidney

Principles Of Disease Year 1 (16 decks)

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