Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Principles Of Disease Year 1 > Bacteria > Flashcards

Bacteria Flashcards

1
Q

What is the difference between gram positive and gram negative?

A

Gram positive has a thick peptidoglycan on the outside
Gramnegative has 2 lipid- membranes with a thin layer of peptidogylcan in between

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

How to do a gram stain?

A

Grow bacterial colonies
Smear onto a slide
Apply crystal violet
Add a decolouriser like acetone
Add a different stain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Why is acetone used in staining?

A

It removes the outer lipid membrane on gram negative so the stain can leak out

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

How do gram positive bacteria look ?

A

PURPLE

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

How does gram negative look?

A

PINK

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Describe the cytoplasmic membrane of bacteria?

A

More protein than phsopholipids
Because a lot of chemical reactions which normally occur in organelles happen in the mitochondria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Describe the cell wall of bacteria?

A

Made of peptidoglycan with short peptide cross links

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is endotoxin shock?

A

Some LPS outer membranes release endotoxins which builds up.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Why are gram negative bacteria scary?

A

They have an LPS outer membrane
This protects the peptidoglycan but also releases endotoxins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What are the types of capsules?

A

Slimy and rigid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is a rigid capsule?

A

Rigid layer of polysaccharides to prevent phagocytosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is a slime capsule?

A

Slimy layer of polysaccharides which allows the bacteria to stick to surfaces

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Why is the flagella important?

A

Allows for locomotion so the bacteria can have a favourable environment
Also allows for adherence

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is a bacterial conjugation

A

Donating plasmids between bacteria using receptors and endonuclease enzymes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Describe ribosomes in bacteria

A

Consist of RNA
Used to make proteins
70s ribosomes
Has 2 subunits

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What are fimbriae?

A

Many tiny filaments that mediate adhesion between the bacteria and host cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

How do bacteria replicate?

A

Binary Fission

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

How is there genetic variation in bacteria?

A

Spontaneous mutation
Transfer of DNA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is sporulation?

A

When conditions are not favourable, spore formation is initiated . The DNA divides and is stored in a cortex surrounded by protein .
It gets released when conditions are favourable

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What are phenotypic methods of bacteria classification?

A

Gram stain
Serologic
Mass spec using protein
Growth requirements

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What are genotypic bacteria?

A

Whole gene sequence classification

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Why is iodine added to Crystal violet?

A

It’s fixes the dye so it doesn’t wash with alcohol

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What can bacteria be split into?

A

Aerobic and non aerobic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What can aerobic bacteria be split into?

A

Cocci or Bacilli

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
What are chain bacteria called?
Streptococci
26
What are cluster bacteria called?
Staphylococci
27
What are cocci split up into?
Chains and clusters
28
What does streptococci split into?
Alpha haemolytic Beta haemolytic Non haemolytic
29
What is alpha haemolytic?
Partially destroys RBCs using haemolysis Turns blood agar green
30
What is beta haemolytic?
Fully destroys RBCs using haemolysis Turns blood agar clear
31
What does staphylococci split into?
Coagulase positive Coagulase negative
32
What are the different test results for staphylococci ?
Positive would produce the enzyme Coagulase to produce a clot in the serum at the bottom Or it wouldn’t produce the enzyme and would be fairly liquid
33
Why is staphylococci Coagulase positive interesting?
It might be staphylococcus aureus then we need to check for antibiotic resistance or MRSA It produces penicillin ash and is methicillin (synthetic back up penicillin resistant)
34
What does staphylococci do in our body?
Harmless doesn’t do anything just colonises in our nose Creates boils on our skin, affects soft tissue and bones and damages heart valves Puss form infection
35
Where do we see Coagulase negative staphylococcus
Typically harmless Can cause UTI in women Forms biofilms
36
What are biofilms
Bacteria adheres to a foreign surface and forms a complex microbial community with a slimy matrix that protects bacteria
37
What does a haemolytic streptococci cause?
Pneumonia Meningitis Endocarditis
38
What is endocarditis?
Infection of the inner lining of the heart
39
What is group A streptococci?
Viral flesh easing pathogen
40
What is beta haemolytic streptococci
Further classified based on carbohydrates on outside of pathogen Can be divided into class A to G
41
What are group B streptococci?
Cause neonatal meningitis Commensal in the genitalia tracts but treated during labour to prevent spread to the child
42
What are group D streptococci?
Non haemolytic and not as virulent Found in gut as normal.
43
What are important bacilli?
C. difficile.
44
What are C.difficile?
Normal bacteria part of our gut but can become problems when using antibiotics as the flora is affected Causes diarrhoea associated with toxin production Spreads via spores
45
What are C. Perfringens?
Found in soil and commensal in humans Can form gas garangesor gastroenteritis
46
What are C. Tetani?
Modified muscle used in vaccine Affects muscle movement
47
What is an example of a basic gram negative bacteria?
E.coli
48
How are bacteria named?
First name is genus and the second is species They must be in italics They must be written out in the full at least the first time
49
What are coliforms?
Large group of organisms in the gram negative Enterobacteriaceae that are mainly found in the gut
50
What is the major gram negative bacterial group?
Nessaria
51
What does neissaria cause mainly?
Meningitis Can identify in blood samples and CSF
52
What is septicaemia?
Large amounts of bacteria entering the blood also known as blood poisoning
53
What is E.coli?
Found in humans and animal resevoirs Has a lot of virulence factors
54
List and explain all the virulence factors of E. Coli.
Pilli Capsule Hide away from immune system Endotoxin Exotoxins
55
How to identify if E.coli is present?
Changes colour of agar as it ferments lactose
56
Why diseases do E.coli cause?
Enterotoxogenic E.coli can cause diarrhoea sometimes with blood UTIs
57
What is another type of gram negative bacteria apart from E.coli?
No lactose Can be invasive Common cause of diarrhoea Some salmonella can cause typhoid
58
What are campylobacter ?
Look like sea gulls Found in domestic animals and chickens Spread via faecal and oral Cause bloody diarrhoea
59
What is helicobacter pylori?
Natural habit is the stomach It damages the mucosa and causes ulcer Can cause gastric adenocarcinoma CURVED ROD
60
What is haemophilia influenza?
Cocco-bacilli Much reduced due to the hib vaccine Respiratory tract
61
What is pseudomonas?
Can affect water and sinks and contaminate medical equipment Causes a range of sepsis, UTI and pneumonia Multi drug resistance And it affects the respiratory pathway
62
What is an anaerobes? Give an example
Often found in poly microbial infections (many pathogens attacking) Found in gut and mouth Most common is bacteriodes in gut
63
What does bacteriodes?
Colonic flora can cause intra abdominal abscess
64
What are oral anaerobes?
Peridonteal disease Dental abscesses Human and animal infection
65
What are miscellaneous bacteria?
Minority of bacteria which don't stain using the grams method
66
Why would bacteria not stain using the gram's method?
Gram-staining uses the cell wall but some bacteria have a different wall composition or don't have acellwall
67
Give examples of miscellaneous bacteria and the 2 of which have no cell wall
Mycobacterium No cell wall - chlamydia - spirochaetes
68
Acid and alcohol fast bacilli uses what stain?
ZN or auramine Resistant to decolpurising by acid or alcohol after staining
69
What causes TB?
Mycobacterium TB Also linked with HIV
70
How is leprosy caused?
Mycobacterium leprae Attacks peripheral nerves
71
What are spirochates
Long spiral shape bacteria with no cell wall Need immunofluorescence Often done by serology Can cause syphillis and lyme disease
72
What is syphillis?
Chancres at infection site so penis or lip Can be passed from mummy to baby Systemic illness or rash Can result in CNS damage
73
What is a chancre?
Non painful skin lesion
74
What is lyme disease?
Tranmsitted by ticks Rash appears and can lead to nerve damage
75
What is chlamydia?
Diagnosed by serology Most common STI And is asymptomatic in woman Can lead to infertility and pelvic inflammatory disease Certain chlyamdia bacteria can cause pneumonia

Principles Of Disease Year 1 (16 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions