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Principles Of Disease Year 1 > Bacteria > Flashcards

Bacteria Flashcards

1
Q

What is the difference between gram positive and gram negative?

A

Gram positive has a thick peptidoglycan on the outside
Gramnegative has 2 lipid- membranes with a thin layer of peptidogylcan in between

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2
Q

How to do a gram stain?

A

Grow bacterial colonies
Smear onto a slide
Apply crystal violet
Add a decolouriser like acetone
Add a different stain

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3
Q

Why is acetone used in staining?

A

It removes the outer lipid membrane on gram negative so the stain can leak out

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4
Q

How do gram positive bacteria look ?

A

PURPLE

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5
Q

How does gram negative look?

A

PINK

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6
Q

Describe the cytoplasmic membrane of bacteria?

A

More protein than phsopholipids
Because a lot of chemical reactions which normally occur in organelles happen in the mitochondria

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7
Q

Describe the cell wall of bacteria?

A

Made of peptidoglycan with short peptide cross links

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8
Q

What is endotoxin shock?

A

Some LPS outer membranes release endotoxins which builds up.

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9
Q

Why are gram negative bacteria scary?

A

They have an LPS outer membrane
This protects the peptidoglycan but also releases endotoxins

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10
Q

What are the types of capsules?

A

Slimy and rigid

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11
Q

What is a rigid capsule?

A

Rigid layer of polysaccharides to prevent phagocytosis

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12
Q

What is a slime capsule?

A

Slimy layer of polysaccharides which allows the bacteria to stick to surfaces

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13
Q

Why is the flagella important?

A

Allows for locomotion so the bacteria can have a favourable environment
Also allows for adherence

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14
Q

What is a bacterial conjugation

A

Donating plasmids between bacteria using receptors and endonuclease enzymes

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15
Q

Describe ribosomes in bacteria

A

Consist of RNA
Used to make proteins
70s ribosomes
Has 2 subunits

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16
Q

What are fimbriae?

A

Many tiny filaments that mediate adhesion between the bacteria and host cells

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17
Q

How do bacteria replicate?

A

Binary Fission

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18
Q

How is there genetic variation in bacteria?

A

Spontaneous mutation
Transfer of DNA

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19
Q

What is sporulation?

A

When conditions are not favourable, spore formation is initiated . The DNA divides and is stored in a cortex surrounded by protein .
It gets released when conditions are favourable

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20
Q

What are phenotypic methods of bacteria classification?

A

Gram stain
Serologic
Mass spec using protein
Growth requirements

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21
Q

What are genotypic bacteria?

A

Whole gene sequence classification

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22
Q

Why is iodine added to Crystal violet?

A

It’s fixes the dye so it doesn’t wash with alcohol

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23
Q

What can bacteria be split into?

A

Aerobic and non aerobic

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24
Q

What can aerobic bacteria be split into?

A

Cocci or Bacilli

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25
Q

What are chain bacteria called?

A

Streptococci

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26
Q

What are cluster bacteria called?

A

Staphylococci

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27
Q

What are cocci split up into?

A

Chains and clusters

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28
Q

What does streptococci split into?

A

Alpha haemolytic
Beta haemolytic
Non haemolytic

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29
Q

What is alpha haemolytic?

A

Partially destroys RBCs using haemolysis
Turns blood agar green

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30
Q

What is beta haemolytic?

A

Fully destroys RBCs using haemolysis
Turns blood agar clear

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31
Q

What does staphylococci split into?

A

Coagulase positive
Coagulase negative

32
Q

What are the different test results for staphylococci ?

A

Positive would produce the enzyme Coagulase to produce a clot in the serum at the bottom
Or it wouldn’t produce the enzyme and would be fairly liquid

33
Q

Why is staphylococci Coagulase positive interesting?

A

It might be staphylococcus aureus then we need to check for antibiotic resistance or MRSA
It produces penicillin ash and is methicillin (synthetic back up penicillin resistant)

34
Q

What does staphylococci do in our body?

A

Harmless doesn’t do anything just colonises in our nose

Creates boils on our skin, affects soft tissue and bones and damages heart valves
Puss form infection

35
Q

Where do we see Coagulase negative staphylococcus

A

Typically harmless
Can cause UTI in women
Forms biofilms

36
Q

What are biofilms

A

Bacteria adheres to a foreign surface and forms a complex microbial community with a slimy matrix that protects bacteria

37
Q

What does a haemolytic streptococci cause?

A

Pneumonia
Meningitis
Endocarditis

38
Q

What is endocarditis?

A

Infection of the inner lining of the heart

39
Q

What is group A streptococci?

A

Viral flesh easing pathogen

40
Q

What is beta haemolytic streptococci

A

Further classified based on carbohydrates on outside of pathogen
Can be divided into class A to G

41
Q

What are group B streptococci?

A

Cause neonatal meningitis
Commensal in the genitalia tracts but treated during labour to prevent spread to the child

42
Q

What are group D streptococci?

A

Non haemolytic and not as virulent
Found in gut as normal.

43
Q

What are important bacilli?

A

C. difficile.

44
Q

What are C.difficile?

A

Normal bacteria part of our gut but can become problems when using antibiotics as the flora is affected
Causes diarrhoea associated with toxin production
Spreads via spores

45
Q

What are C. Perfringens?

A

Found in soil and commensal in humans
Can form gas garangesor gastroenteritis

46
Q

What are C. Tetani?

A

Modified muscle used in vaccine
Affects muscle movement

47
Q

What is an example of a basic gram negative bacteria?

A

E.coli

48
Q

How are bacteria named?

A

First name is genus and the second is species
They must be in italics
They must be written out in the full at least the first time

49
Q

What are coliforms?

A

Large group of organisms in the gram negative Enterobacteriaceae that are mainly found in the gut

50
Q

What is the major gram negative bacterial group?

A

Nessaria

51
Q

What does neissaria cause mainly?

A

Meningitis
Can identify in blood samples and CSF

52
Q

What is septicaemia?

A

Large amounts of bacteria entering the blood also known as blood poisoning

53
Q

What is E.coli?

A

Found in humans and animal resevoirs
Has a lot of virulence factors

54
Q

List and explain all the virulence factors of E. Coli.

A

Pilli
Capsule
Hide away from immune system
Endotoxin
Exotoxins

55
Q

How to identify if E.coli is present?

A

Changes colour of agar as it ferments lactose

56
Q

Why diseases do E.coli cause?

A

Enterotoxogenic E.coli can cause diarrhoea sometimes with blood
UTIs

57
Q

What is another type of gram negative bacteria apart from E.coli?

A

No lactose
Can be invasive
Common cause of diarrhoea
Some salmonella can cause typhoid

58
Q

What are campylobacter ?

A

Look like sea gulls
Found in domestic animals and chickens
Spread via faecal and oral
Cause bloody diarrhoea

59
Q

What is helicobacter pylori?

A

Natural habit is the stomach
It damages the mucosa and causes ulcer
Can cause gastric adenocarcinoma
CURVED ROD

60
Q

What is haemophilia influenza?

A

Cocco-bacilli
Much reduced due to the hib vaccine
Respiratory tract

61
Q

What is pseudomonas?

A

Can affect water and sinks and contaminate medical equipment
Causes a range of sepsis, UTI and pneumonia
Multi drug resistance
And it affects the respiratory pathway

62
Q

What is an anaerobes? Give an example

A

Often found in poly microbial infections (many pathogens attacking)
Found in gut and mouth
Most common is bacteriodes in gut

63
Q

What does bacteriodes?

A

Colonic flora can cause intra abdominal abscess

64
Q

What are oral anaerobes?

A

Peridonteal disease
Dental abscesses
Human and animal infection

65
Q

What are miscellaneous bacteria?

A

Minority of bacteria which don’t stain using the grams method

66
Q

Why would bacteria not stain using the gram’s method?

A

Gram-staining uses the cell wall but some bacteria have a different wall composition or don’t have acellwall

67
Q

Give examples of miscellaneous bacteria and the 2 of which have no cell wall

A

Mycobacterium
No cell wall
- chlamydia
- spirochaetes

68
Q

Acid and alcohol fast bacilli uses what stain?

A

ZN or auramine
Resistant to decolpurising by acid or alcohol after staining

69
Q

What causes TB?

A

Mycobacterium TB
Also linked with HIV

70
Q

How is leprosy caused?

A

Mycobacterium leprae
Attacks peripheral nerves

71
Q

What are spirochates

A

Long spiral shape bacteria with no cell wall
Need immunofluorescence
Often done by serology
Can cause syphillis and lyme disease

72
Q

What is syphillis?

A

Chancres at infection site so penis or lip
Can be passed from mummy to baby
Systemic illness or rash
Can result in CNS damage

73
Q

What is a chancre?

A

Non painful skin lesion

74
Q

What is lyme disease?

A

Tranmsitted by ticks
Rash appears and can lead to nerve damage

75
Q

What is chlamydia?

A

Diagnosed by serology
Most common STI
And is asymptomatic in woman
Can lead to infertility and pelvic inflammatory disease
Certain chlyamdia bacteria can cause pneumonia

Principles Of Disease Year 1 (16 decks)

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