principles of articulation

Question 1

what are the different movements of joints?

Answer 1

synarthrosis- no movement ampharthrosis- little movement diarthrosis- freely moveable

Question 2

what are the different types of joints ?

Answer 2

• fibrous - cartilaginous - synovial

Question 3

what are the 3 types of fibrous joint?

Answer 3

• suture - syndemosis - interosseous

Question 4

what is it called when bones fuse together?

Answer 4

synostosis

Question 5

what are features of suture fibrous joint?

Answer 5

• thin layer of dense connective tissue - dont move- synarthrosis - irreular interlocking edges gives strength e.g. orbital suture in head that synostosis when oscified at 6yrs old

Question 6

what are features of syndesmosis fibrous tissue?

Answer 6

more connective tissue than suture joint crosses greater distance bundles into ligaments semimovement- amphiarthosis

Question 7

what are features of interouseous membrane?

Answer 7

sheet of dense connective tissue connects adjacent long bone- like tibula and tiba amphiarthosis

Question 8

what are the different cartilaginous joints?

Answer 8

synchrondrosis symphysis

Question 9

what are features of synchrodosis cartilaginous jonts?

Answer 9

• hayline cartilage - synarthrosis - e.g. epiphyseal growth plates

Question 10

what are the features of the cartilaginous symphysis joints?

Answer 10

• connective tissue is fibrocartilage - amphiarthrosis

Question 11

what are features of synovial joints?

Answer 11

• synovial cavity - hayline cartilage - diarthrosis

Question 12

what is the articular cartilage in the synovial joint?

Answer 12

• made of collagen and peptidoglygan - resistance to compression - avascular

Question 13

what is the synovial joint capsule?

Answer 13

• encapsulates the synovial joint - 2 layers; - outer fibrous- connects to periosteum, fibres arranged in bundles and have high tensile strength - inner is called the synovial membrane and is made of areolar tissue, which is rich in elastic fibres

Question 14

what is synovial fluid?

Answer 14

• secreted from synovial membrane from fibroblast like cells and fluid from blood plasma - rich in hylauronic acid - shock absorbing properties - supplies nutrition and removes waste products from the avascular cartilage - phagocytes remove microbes and debris

Question 15

what are the intracapsular ligaments that can be present in synovial joints?

Answer 15

• within the joint capsule - excluded from synovial fluid by folds in synovial membrane e.g. anterior posterior cruciate ligaments of knee

Question 16

what are extracapsular ligaments of synovial joints?

Answer 16

lie outside the joint capsule e.g. fibular and tibial collateral ligaments of the knee

Question 17

what are accessory articular discs

Answer 17

found in synovial joints - menisci and articular discs - maintain stability and direct the flow of synovial fluid

Question 18

what is the nerve supply to the synovial joints?

Answer 18

nerves - same as those of associated muscles - go to articular capsule and associated ligaments - important for pain and proprioception

Question 19

what is the blood supply to the synovial joint?

Answer 19

mainly avascular relies on numerus branching of arteries and veins to supply associated tissues

Question 20

what are all the different types of synovial joints?

Answer 20

• planar - hinge - pivot - condyloid - saddle - ball and socket

Question 21

planar joint

Answer 21

• Surfaces flat or slightly curved
• Permit back and forth, and side to side movements
• Examples include:
• intercarpal joints (between carpal bones at the wrist)
• intertarsal joints (between tarsal bones at the ankle)

Question 22

hinge joint

Answer 22

• Concave surface of one bone fits the
• convex surface of another
• Permits motion in a single axis (flexion and extension)

Examples include:

• knee joints
• elbow joints

Question 23

pivot joint

Answer 23

• Rounded or pointed surface of one bone
• pivots inside a ring formed by the other bone and a ligament
• Permits rotation in it’s longitudinal axis (monoaxial)

Examples include:

• radioulnar joints
• atlanto-axial joint

Question 24

condyloid

Answer 24

• Convex oval projection of one bone fit into the oval depression of the other.
• Permits movement around two axis (biaxial; flexion and extension, and abduction and adduction)

Examples include:

• wrist joint
• metacarpophalangeal joints

Question 25

saddle joint

Answer 25

vOne bone fits into the saddle shaped bone it opposes vModified condyloid joint vPermits movement around two axis (biaxial; flexion and extension, abduction and adduction, (sometimes limited rotation)) vExamples include: - carpometacarpal joint

Question 26

ball and socket

Answer 26

- Ball-like surface of one bone fits into thecup-like depression of the other - Triaxial movement around three planes (triaxial; flexion and extension, abduction and adduction, and rotation) Examples include: - shoulder joint - hip joint

Question 27

what kind of joint is glenohumeral joint?

Answer 27

- synovial ball and socket jont - Joint between the proximal humerus and the scapula (glenoid fossa) - Due to the shallowness of the glenoid cavity, it is the most mobile joint in the body

Question 28

what is the purpose of the glenoid labruum?

Answer 28

va narrow rim of fibrocartilage – deepens glenoid

Question 29

what are the 3 ligaments that stabalise the glenohumeral joint?

Answer 29

- glenohumeral - corocahumeral - transverse humeral also has 4 associated burae

Question 30

what are the rotator cuff muscles?

Answer 30

supraspinatus infraspinatus teres minor subscapularis

Question 31

what kind of joint is the acromioclavicular joint

Answer 31

vTechnically a synovial gliding joint (planar) but it acts like a pivot vJoint between the acromion (part of the scapula) and the clavical

Question 32

which ligaments stabilise the acromioclavicular joint?

Answer 32

acromioclavicular coracoacromial coracolclavicular (conoid and trapezoid)

Question 33

what type of joint is the sternoclavicular joint

Answer 33

Synovial saddle joint Although a saddle joint – is capable of triaxial movement – all movement is passive

Question 34

which ligaments reinforce sternoclavicular ligament?

Answer 34

interclavicular, anterior, and posterior sternoclavicular ligaments

Question 35

how is the sternoclavicular joint split into 2?

Answer 35

Fibrocartilagenous articular disc divides the joint into two synovial cavities