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Lab Animal > Primate Medicine > Flashcards

Primate Medicine Flashcards

1
Q

Two agents that cause tuberculosis

A

M. tuberculosis

M. bovis

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2
Q

Tuberculosis-transmission

A

aerosol

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3
Q

Tuberculosis-testing

A

problems; especially in orangutans

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4
Q

Clinical signs-tuberculosis

A

mild to severe; initially respiratory

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5
Q

Polio-transmission

A

Fecal-oral with environmental contamination

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6
Q

Prevention-tuberculosis

A

personnel management

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7
Q

Prevention-polio

A

human vaccination
hygiene
ape vaccination
management (?)

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8
Q

Polio symptoms

A

none to paralysis

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9
Q

Measles-transmission

A

aerosol

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10
Q

Measles-symptoms

A

none to skin lesions to resp.

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11
Q

Measles - prevention

A

personnel management, ape vaccination

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12
Q

Resp. myxovirus-causes

A

Influenza
Parainfluenza
Resp. syncytial virus

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13
Q

Resp. myxovirus - transmission

A

aerosolization of secretions

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14
Q

Resp. myxovirus clinical signs

A

generalized signs or mild to severe resp. disease w/ 20 bacterial infections

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15
Q

Bacterial enterocolitis-causes

A
  • shigella
  • salmonella
  • campylobacter
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16
Q

Bacterial enterocolitis - transmission

A

fecal-oral & environmental contamination

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17
Q

Bacterial enterocolitis signs

A

none, dysentery; systemic signs, including meningitis

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18
Q

Prevention-bacterial enterocolitis

A

Personnel management, hygiene

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19
Q

Three “scary” zooanthroponoses

A
  1. Herpes Simian B Virus
  2. Ebola Virus
  3. Marburg Virus
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20
Q

Pathogenesis of herpes B virus in natural host

A

similar to herpes simplex-humans

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21
Q

Herpes B Virus in humans

A

severe neurologic impairment; severe brain damage or death unless treatment initiated after exposure

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22
Q

When was last identified case of Herpes B virus? Last fatality?

A

2008

last fatality in 1997-researcher splashed in eye with urine of infected ape

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23
Q

Drug that may prevent progression of Herpes B in humans?

A

acyclovir

24
Q

Cause of ebola hemorrhagic fever

A

RNA virus in family Filoviridae

25
Q

When was ebola first recognized?

A

1976

26
Q

How to maximize prognosis for ebola

A
  • early detection
  • manage electrolyte & fluid balance
  • maintain oxygen status and blood pressure
  • treat concomitant infections
27
Q

Ebola-transmission

A

via mucous membranes, breaks in skin, or parenteral

  • infected body fluids, secretions
  • person-person
  • fomites
28
Q

Five major zoonotic concerns

A
  1. Tuberculosis
  2. Polio
  3. Measles
  4. Resp. Myxoviruses
  5. Bacterial enterocolitis
29
Q

Ebola-cell types infected? migrates to where in body?

A

Infects monocytes, macrophages, dendritic cells, endothelial cells, fibroblasts, hepatocytes, adrenal cortical cells, epithelial cells

Migrates to regional lymph nodes, liver, spleen and adrenal glands

30
Q

Why are hemorrhagic symptoms seen with ebola?

A
  • coagulopathies related to hepatocellular necrosis

- impairment of clotting and vascular leakage due to release of cytokines

31
Q

Why is hypotension seen with ebola?

A

adrenocortical necrosis

32
Q

When is onset of fever and symptoms in patients with ebola?

A

abrupt onset 8-12 days after exposure

33
Q

Ebola can be mistake for what other diseases due to initial non-specific symptoms

A
  • malaria
  • typhoid fever
  • meningococemia
  • pneumonia & other bacterial infections
34
Q

“later onset” symptoms of ebola (about 5 days after initial nonspecific symptoms)

A
  • severe watery diarrhea
  • nausea
  • vomiting
  • abdominal pain
  • chest pain
  • shortness of breath
  • headache
  • confusion
  • conjunctival injection
  • seizures, cerebral edema reported
  • hiccups reported
  • bleeding (variety of manifestations)
  • possibly diffuse erythematous maculopapular rash
  • pregnant women-spontaneous miscarriages
35
Q

Usual cause of death seen with ebola; timeframe for death?

A

multiorgan failure, septic shock within 6-16 days

36
Q

Cause-Marburg virus

A

RNA virus of filovirus family

37
Q

Marburg virus is associated with what non-human primates?

A

African green monkeys

38
Q

Reservoir host-Marburg virus

A

African Fruit Bat

does not affect them

39
Q

Suspected transmission of Marburg virus to humans

A

exposure to bat feces/aerosols; person to person transmission as well

40
Q

Characteristic signs of Marburg virus

A

sudden onset headache, myalgia, macropapular rash prominent on trunk

41
Q

Ddx for primate patient with diarrhea

A

Salmonella
Shigella
Campylobacter

42
Q

Ddx for primate patient with bloody diaper

A 
Diaper rash
UTI
Uterine Diseases 
  -endometritis
  -uterine cancer 
  -endometriosis
43
Q

Causes of bacterial pneumonia in primates

A 
Streptococcus
Klebsiella
Staphylococcus
Haemophilus
Bordetella
44
Q

Ddx for primate patient with neurologic signs

A

Trauma
Rabies
Viral encephalitis

45
Q

New world monkey characteristics

A
  • primarily tree dwellers
  • no marked sexual dimorphism
  • no cheek pouches
  • prehensile tails
46
Q

New world monkeys seen as pets

A
  • Marmosets
  • Owl monkeys
  • Capuchin
  • Spider monkey
47
Q

Old world monkey characteristics

A
  • various habitat; rainforest-desert
  • marked sexual dimorphism
  • ischeal callosities
  • some have cheek pouches
  • tails not prehensile, if they have them
48
Q

Vaccinations for primates

A

MMR
Tetanus
Rabies

49
Q

MMR vaccination plans?

A

at 6-18 months and 10 years
or
after 15 months and 10 years

50
Q

Tetanus vaccination plans?

A

2, 4, 5, and 18 months, 5 years, every 10 years
or
annually for 3 years, then every 3 years
or
annually for three years, then every 10 years

51
Q

Rabies vaccination plans?

A 
6 months then annually 
or
vaccinate once then every 1-3 years 
or
annually and repeat based on titers
52
Q

TB testing

A

commonly at 18 months then annually

53
Q

Organisms tested for with fecal culture?

A

Shigella
Salmonella
Campylobacter

54
Q

Fecal culture frequency?

A

annually

55
Q

Basic principles of a primate visit

A
  • owner should bring monkey in cage/carrier
  • move owner and monkey into exam room ASAP
  • avoid unnecessary eye contact
  • control situation
  • chemical restraint unless infant, young, or moribund patient and nonpainful procedure
  • be organized to take advantage of immobilization

Lab Animal (10 decks)

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