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Lab Animal > Ferret Medicine > Flashcards

Ferret Medicine Flashcards

1
Q

Average lifespan

A

5-7 years in US; can go up to 12 (Europe)

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2
Q

Common ferret diseases

A
  • neoplasia (insulinoma)
  • influenza
  • ferret enteric coronavirus
  • canine distemper virus
  • rabies
  • fleas
  • ear mites
  • heartworm
  • foreign bodies
  • helicobacter
  • IBD
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3
Q

Neoplasms most commonly affect ______

A

endocrine system

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4
Q

Most common neoplasm in ferrets

A

pancreatic islet cell tumor (insulinomas)

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5
Q

Second most common neoplasms in ferrets

A

adrenocortical

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6
Q

Most common hematopoietic neoplasm in ferrets

A

lymphoma

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7
Q

____% of ferrets have multiple tumor types

A

12-20%

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8
Q

What tumors occur together most often in ferrets?

A

insulinoma & adrenocortical carcinoma

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9
Q

Difference between dogs/cats and ferrets regarding insulinoma

A

in ferrets, insulinoma not highly metastatic and responds well to long term medical management

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10
Q

Recurrence rate of insulinomas

A

up to 40% within 10 months

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11
Q

Neuro signs associated with insulinoma

A

ataxia, disassociation, seizures, coma

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12
Q

Survival times for different treatment methods of insulinoma

A
  • partial pancreactomy: over 300 d
  • nodulectomy: can be over 200 d
  • only medical: 22-186 d
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13
Q

Medical treatment for insulinoma

A
  • Diazoxide
  • Prednisolone
  • Free choice food: high fat, high protein, low carb feline diabetic diet, dry foods, no treats
  • oral corn or karo syrup as emergency
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14
Q

Pathogenesis of adrenocortical neoplasms

A

absence of gonads->lack of negative feedback for hypothalamus=constantly elevated leutenizing hormone levels->pluripotent cells of zona reticularis differentiate into cells that produce estrogen and intermediate sex steroids including androstenedione and hydroxyprogesterone

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15
Q

Clinical signs of adrenocortical neoplasia

A

Cutaneous

  • follicular atrophy (bc excessive strogen levels)
  • irregular patchy hair loss
  • rare to not have alopecia

Behavioral

  • elevated estrogen or testosterone=sexual behaviors (urine marking, aggression, mounting)

Reproductive

  • vulvar swelling in up to 90%
  • enlargement of prostate-dysuria
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16
Q

Diagnosing adrenocortical neoplasia

A
  • ultrasound with 14.5 MHz probe
    • problems-adrenals so small, may not detect tumor even if it is there
  • laboratory-circulating sex steroids (95% predictive of adrenal disease; UT)
    • estrogen, androstenedione, 17-hydroxyprogesterone
    • NOT CORTISOL
  • histopathology/surgery
    • equal occurrence L/R; 20% both
    • Tx of choice

*cannot differentiate between adenoma and adenocarcinoma

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17
Q

Flutamide-mechanism of action

A

inhibit androgen uptake and binding

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18
Q

Finasteride-mechanism of action

A

androgen formation blocker

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19
Q

Medical treatment of adrenocortical neoplasms is only useful for _____________

A

managing symptoms

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20
Q

Depot lupron-mechanism of action

A

GnRH analog

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21
Q

What is Depot lupron good for/not good for?

A

hyperplasia; not so much for carcinoma

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22
Q

Deslorelin-mechanism of action

A

GnRH agonist

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23
Q

Treatment of choice for adrenocortical neoplasia

A

surgery-debulk/remove affected glands

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24
Q

Describe NORMAL adrenal glands in ferret

A

white-pink; 2-3 mm wide x 6-8 mm long

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25
Q

Right adrenalectomy concerns

A
  • more difficult due to adherence of the gland to the wall of the vena cava & potential for vascular invasion of the neoplasm
  • sometimes vena cava ligation successful but 25% have acute venous hypertension and renal failure
  • use neonatal Satinsky clamps on vena cava
  • long term survival is possible even if just debulking is performed
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26
Q

Prognois of adrenal neoplasia surgery

A
  • 88-98% survive 1-2 years
  • recurrence common with partial removal
    • 17% recurrence with unilateral adrenalectomy
    • 15% recurrence with subtotal bilateral adrenalectomy
27
Q

Most common malignancy in the ferret

A

lymphoma

28
Q

lymphoblastic vs. lymphocytic lymphoma in ferrets

A
  • lymphoblastic(juvenile): ferrets <2-3 years
  • lymphocytic: ferrets > 3 years
29
Q

Clinical signs-lymphoma

A

non-specific; can present with respiratory concerns due to enlarged thymus

30
Q

Stage 1 lymphoma

A

tumor only involves a single site

31
Q

Stage 2 lymphoma

A

multiple sites involved on same side of diaphragm

32
Q

Stage 3 lymphoma

A

spleen and lymph nodes on both sides of diaphragm involved

33
Q

Stage 4 lymphoma

A

multiple sites on both sides of diaphragm affected

34
Q

Treatment of lymphoma options

A
  • CHOP
  • Chlorambucil + pred=slow it down
  • Prednisolone when owner can’t do chemo and if T-cell
    • can’t change later
  • responsive to radiaiton
  • good diet; Oxbow critical care, etc.
35
Q

What form of influeza is less pathogenic to ferrets?

A

Type B

36
Q

Virulence of influenza depends on ______

A

subtype (alters virulence and chances of secondary bacterial infections)

37
Q

Clinical signs-influenza

A
  • lethargy
  • anorexia
  • +/- photophobia and/or conjunctivitis
  • +/- pyrexia
38
Q

How long does influenza typically affect ferrets?

A

5-7 days; up to 14 days

39
Q

What is the usefulness of aminophylline?

A

bronchodilator-can give to ferrets with influenza

40
Q

Canine distemper is caused by what type of virus?

A

Morbillivirus

41
Q

Canine distemper-incubation time

A

7-10 days

42
Q

Clinical signs-canine distemper

A
  • papular dermatitis followe by swelling, crusting
  • other: anorexia, depression, dyspnea, pyrexia, photophobia, pruritus, blepharospasm, mucopurulent ocular and nasal discharge
43
Q

Dx of canine distemper

A

PCR, necropsy, histology

44
Q

Treatment of canine distemper?

A
  • NONE; death in 12-31 days (wild canine strains) and 12-16 days (ferret-adapted strain)
  • euthanasia
45
Q

Rabies vaccine for ferrets

A

Merial Imrab3

46
Q

Treatment of fleas in ferrets

A
  • NO PYRETHRINS, OPs, or CARBAMATES
  • safe: Frontline, Advantage II, Revolution
    • feline doses
  • Tx environment
47
Q

Ear mite spp. in ferrets

A

Otodectes cynotis

(Same as dogs and cats)

48
Q

Tx of ear mites

A
  • Ivermectin SQ q14d for 3-4 treatments
  • Revolution topically 1/2 dose in each ear
49
Q

Heartworm microfilaria are present in ______% of ferrets

A

50-60

50
Q

How do ferrets with heartworm present?

A

hypothermic; sudden death

51
Q

Heartworm diagnosis

A

Rads

  • right sided heart enlargement
  • filling defects in right side of heart, PA, and VC

Echo

  • presence of intracardiac parasites
  • worms in PA, RV, RA
  • RA, RV dilation
  • pulmonary hypertension

Testing

  • blood (50% of time see microfilaria)
  • ELISA antigen
52
Q

HW prevention

A
  • Ivermectin
  • Heartgard: 1/4 of smallest tablet; cannot keep the rest
  • Selamectin topically
  • Milbemycin oxime-orally
53
Q

Risk factors for gastric/duodenal ulcers in ferrets

A
  • Helicobacter mustelae
  • neoplasia
  • foreign bodies
  • toxins
  • NSAIDs
  • renal azotemia
54
Q

Treatment of gastritis

A
  • nutritional support
  • +/- fluids
  • amoxicillin and metronidazole 14-21 days
  • bismuth or proton pump inhibitor
55
Q

Gastritis may lead to _______

A

adenocarcinoma or lymphoma

56
Q

IBD can look like what else?

A
  • eosinophilic gastroenteritis, viral diarrhea (coronavirus), dietary indiscretion, helicobacter
57
Q

IBD treatment

A
  • dietary management, +/- corticosteroids, Azathioprine
58
Q

Parvovirus in ferrets causes_____________

A

Aleutian disease

59
Q

Most common causes of enlarged spleen in ferrets

A

Hemangioma, hemangiosarcoma, lymphoma

60
Q

Clinical signs of hyperestrogenism

A
  • anorexia
  • lethargy
  • vulvar swelling/discharge
  • pallor
  • systolic murmur
61
Q

What is the cause of death in ferrets with hyperestrogenism?

A

hemorrage secondary to thrombocytopenia

62
Q

Early/Late clin path findings with hyperestrogenism

A

Early:

  • thrombocytosis
  • neutrophilicc leukocytosis

Later:

  • nonregenerative anemia
  • nucleated RBCs
  • neutropenia
  • thrombocytopenia
63
Q

Clinical signs of hyperestrogenism

A

melena, petechial/ecchymotic hemorrhages, dorsal bilateral symmetric alopecia, concurrent metritis, pyometra or vaginitis, pelvic limb paresis, ataxia, paralysis(subdural hematoma)

64
Q

Do ferrets have blood groups?

A

NOPE-can do multiple transfusions without concern

Lab Animal (10 decks)

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