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Lab Animal > Marine Mammals > Flashcards

Marine Mammals Flashcards

1
Q

Mustelids

A

Sea otters

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2
Q

Ursids

A

Polar Bears

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3
Q

Pinnipeds

A

Seals
Sea Lions
Walrus

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4
Q

Cetaceans

A

Dolphins, whales

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5
Q

National Marine Fisheries Service (NOAA, USDC) has regulatory jurisdiction for what species?

A
  • Whales
  • Dolphins
  • Seals
  • Sea Lions
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6
Q

Fish and Wildlife Service (USDI) has regulatory jurisdiction for what species?

A
  • Sea Otter
  • Walrus
  • Polar Bears
  • Sirenians
  • management responsibility for Hawaiian Monk Seals
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7
Q

3 families of pinnipeds

A
  1. Phocidae (seals)
  2. Otariidae (sea lions)
  3. Odobenidae (walrus)
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8
Q

Phocidae characteristics

A
  • marine, freshwater, estuarine
  • hind flippers CANNOT go forward
  • furred palms and soles
  • nails on hind flippers are the same size
  • dark epidermis
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9
Q

Otariidae charcteristics

A
  • small ear pinna
  • marine only
  • hind flippers can rotate forward
  • naked palms & soles
  • nails on hind flippers larger in middle 3 digits
  • light epidermis
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10
Q

Odobenidae (walrus) characteristics

A
  • tail enclosed in web of skin
  • round tip of tongue; not notched
  • enlarged upper canines (tusks)
  • no lower incisors & no pinnae
  • fused mandibular symphysis
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11
Q

Venipuncture sites for pinnipeds

A
  • phocids(seals): intervertebral extradural sinus
  • otarids (sea lions): external jugular vein, caudal gluteal vein
  • secondary location = interdigital veins; can do on anything with flippers
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12
Q

Leptospirosis is primarily a problem in ___________

A

California sea lions & northern fur seals

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13
Q

Leptospirosis causes what ?

A

abortion, nephritis, hemorrhagic syndrome; primarily affecting fetuses and neonates.

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14
Q

Leptospirosis-clinical signs

A
  • depression
  • polydipsia
  • reluctance to use rear limbs
  • fever, leukocytosis, azotemia
  • occ. icterus
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15
Q

Tx options & Tx of choice for Leptospirosis

A

Enrofloxacin (preferred)

Tetracyclines, or Penicillin G

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16
Q

Important viral diseases in pinnipeds

A
  • morbilliviruses
  • influenza virus
  • parapox
  • calicivirus (SMSV=VESV)
  • herpesviruses
17
Q

Important parasitic dz of pinnipeds

A
  • lung and nasal mites
  • lungworms (Otostrongylus)
  • heartworms (their own variety and those of dogs)
18
Q

Which cetaceans have two external blowholes?

A

Mysticetes (baleen whales)

19
Q

Which cetaceans have one external blowhole?

A

Odontocetes (toothed whales, dolphins, porpoises)

20
Q

Ziphiidae (beaked whales)-important points

A
  1. deep divers-mass strandings associated with sonar activity have been reported
  2. females are difficult to identify to species since their teeth don’t erupt
21
Q

Delphinidae (dolphin) characteristics

A
  • small, active,
  • prominent beaks
  • many teeth-both jaws
  • conical teeth
  • large tapering flippers
22
Q

Phocoenidae (porpoise) characteristics

A
  • smaller than dolphins
  • no beak
  • spade-like teeth
  • low dorsal fin
23
Q

Normal pH of cetacean forestomach

A

1.5-3

24
Q

Normal cells of cetacean forestomach

A

polygonal cells with low N:C ratio; keratinized squamous cells +/- parabasal cells

25
Q

Normal cells in cetacean glandular & pyloric stomach

A

nonciliated simple columnar epithelium

26
Q

Cetacean renal anatomy

A

Kidneys are extensively lobulated (renules)

each renule has own cortex, medulla, papilla, calyx, and blood supply.

several renules share a common duct to the proximal ureter

27
Q

Cetacean venipuncture site

A

Ventral fluke vessels

Secondary: Caudal vein-risk of infection. Cardiac puncture: for euthanasia (after sedation/analgesia)

28
Q

Major cetacean viral diseases

A
  • cetacean morbillivirus
  • herpesviruses
  • poxvirus-tattoo lesions
29
Q

What is a bacterial disease that is a big concern in cetaceans held in captivity?

A

Erysipelas rhusiopathiae

30
Q

Cetacean bacterial diseases

A
  • E. rhusiopathiae
  • Bacterial pneumonias
  • Marine brucellosis
31
Q

Cause of candidiasis in cetaceans

A

Secondary; e.g. to immunocompromise or unbalanced water disinfection

32
Q

Candidiasis lesions commonly occur where on cetaceans?

A

around body orifices

33
Q

Keloidal blastomycosis affects ___________

A

man & dolphin

34
Q

Parasites that have been implicated as possible causes of strandings in cetaceans

A
  • Stenurus spp. (nematodes)

- Nasitrema spp. (trematodes)

35
Q

What marine mammals are susceptible to toxoplasmosis?

A

Cetaceans

36
Q

Non-infectious causes of morbidity and mortality of cetaceans

A
  • fishery interactions
  • marine debris
  • decompression sickness/acoustic response
37
Q

Usefulness of blubber biopsy

A
  • genetics
  • tox screenings
  • hormone levels-diagnose pregnancy
38
Q

Sirenians

A

manatees and dugongs

Lab Animal (10 decks)

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