PREVENTIVE MEDICINE Flashcards
Hallmark feature of ANALYTIC epidemiologic study
Use of an appropriate COMPARISON group
A Case definition
Has clinical CRITERIA
TIME, PLACE and PERSON
A SPECIFIC case definition
Likely to include only (or mostly) TRUE CASES
May exclude mild cases
Descriptive epidemiology – “Distribution”
Who, when & where
Analytic epidemiology – “Determinants”
Causes (agents)
Risk factor (exposure to source)
Mode of transmission
Public health surveillance
Collection
Analysis
Dissemination
A study that assesses exposure and follows to document subsequent occurence of disease
Observational cohort study
Subjects are enrolled on basis of HAVING OR NOT HAVING a health outcome
Observational Case-control
Cohort vs case-control
Cohort - subjects categorized according to EXPOSURE
Case-control - subjects categorized whether they HAVE THE DISEASE OR NOT
“Snapshot of health”
Provides info on PREVALENCE rather than incidence
More useful in descriptive epidemiology than analytic epidemiology
Synonymous w/ SURVEY
Cross-sectional study
Epidemiologic Triad of disease
Agent
Host
Environment
A propagated epidemic is usually the result of what kind of exposure
Person-to-person
Sex
Nominal
QUALITATIVE
Categorical
Age
Ratio
QUANTITATIVE
Continuous
Lymphocyte count
Ratio
QUANTITATIVE
Continuous
Measure of CENTRAL LOCATION
Mean
Median
Mode
Measure of SPREAD
Standard Deviation
“Skewed”
Tail of distribution
Value that is statistically closest to all of the values in the distribution
Mean
Value that has half of the observations below and half above it
Median
Value that occurs most often
Mode
Value that is statistically closest to all the values in the distribution on a log scale
Geometric mean
Halfway between the smallest and largest value
Midrange
Measure of central location for SUMMARIZING SKEWED DATA
Median
Measure of central location for ADDITIONAL STATISTICAL ANALYSIS
Mean
Measure of SPREAD
Standard deviation
Range
Interquartile Range
Variance
Identifies a particular place on a distribution but not spread
Percentile
Measure of spread MOST AFFECTED BY ONE EXTREME VALUE
Range
Interquartile range covers the central _ % of a distribution
50%
Measure of central location most commonly used in interquartile range is the
Median
Interquartile range covers 25% to 75% while median marks 50%
Measure of central location most commonly used with standard deviation
Arithmetic mean
Algebraic relationship between the variance and standard deviation is the
Standard deviation is the SQUARE ROOT OF VARIANCE
Primary use of standard error of the mean is in calculating the
Confidence interval
Birth rate
Incidence
Mortality rate
Prevalence
Frequency measures
All proportions are ratios, but not all ratios are proportions
T/F
True
Table with labels and titles but no data
Table shell
Semilogarithmic-scale line graph
Wide range of values can be plotted and seen clearly, regardless of magnitude
Y-axis tick labels could be 0.1, 1, 10, and 100
Arithmetic-scale line graph
A constant rate of change would be presented by a curved line
Used for Categorical variables (sex or geographic region) on x-axis
Bar chart
Display continuous data (time)
Epidemic curve
Histogram
Shape of population pyramid most consistent with young population
Triangle with base down
Bar chart with shaded subgroups
Stacked bar chart
Represents a frequency distribution, with area under the curve proportionate to frequency
Must be closed (plotted line must touch x-axis)
Can display frequency distribution of a given period of time
Frequency polygon
This includes data collection, analysis, interpretation, and dissemination to help guide health officials and programs in directing and conducting disease control and prevention activities
Public health surveillance
Targets of current public health surveillance
Chronic disease
Communicable disease
Health-related behaviors
Occupational hazards
Presence of viruses in mosquitoes
Vital statistics are important source of data on?
Mortality
Date of birth
Death
Marriage
Divirce
