Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

BOARD REVIEW > BIOCHEMISTRY > Flashcards

BIOCHEMISTRY Flashcards

1
Q

Amino acids cannot be synthesized by the human body

A

Essential Amino Acid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Antibiotic that inhibits cell wall synthesis

A

Bacitracin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Antibiotic that interupt DNA and protein function

A

Gramicidin A

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Dreaded side effect of bleomycin

A

Pulmonary fibrosis

Other drugs:
Busulfan
Amiodarone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Cyanobacterial peptides lethal (hepatic tumors) in large doses

A

Microcystin and nodularin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Neurodegenerative disease associated with chick pea and grass pea

A

Lathyrism

  • paraplegia, tremors and muscular weakness
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Seed contains neurotoxins risk factors for neurodegenerative diseases ALS and PD

A

Cycad seeds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Neurotoxic found in cycad seed - natives of Guam

A

Beta Methylaminoalanine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Potentially toxic L alpha amino acids

A

ODAP
BMAA
BAPN
Diaminobutyric acid
Homoarginine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Naturally occuring amino acids in brain tissue

A

Serine and aspartate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Naturally occuring amino acids in gram positive bacteria

A

Alanine and Glutamate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Bacteria with poly D glutamate capsule

A

B. anthracis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

excretes D-methionine, D-tyrosine, D-leucine and D-trypttophan which triggers biofilm disassembly

A

B subtilis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Bacteria incorporates leucine and methionine into the peptide component of its peptidoglycan layer

A

Vibrio cholerae

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Amino acid precursor of thyroid hormone

A

Tyrosine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Precursor of Tyrosine

A

Phenylalanine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Enzyme catalyzes phenylalanine to tyrosine

A

Phenylalanine hydroxylase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Neurotransmitter precursor of GABA

A

Glutamate (excitatory)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

enzyme that catalyses glutamate to GABA

A

Glutamate decarboxylase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Determine classification of amino acid

A

Side chain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

found at the center, attached to four different substituents. It confers optical activity

A

chiral carbon

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Amino acid without chiral carbon. No optical activity. Cannot rotate plane polarized light.

A

Glycine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Stereoisomer

A

Enantiomers “mirror image”

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Posttranslational modification of amino acid where proline and lysine –> 4 hydroxyproline and 5-hydroxylysine

A

Collagen synthesis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Posttranslational modification of amino acid where carboxylation of glutamyl residues to y- carboxyglutamyl residues

A

Blood coagulation cascade

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

vitamin or cofactor required for collagen synthesis

A

Vitamin C

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Vitamin K dependent clotting factors

A

Factor 2, 7, 9, 10

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Drug inhibits gamma carboxylation of vit K dependent clotting factors

A

Warfarin/ Coumadin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Warfarin inhibits what pathway?

A

Extrinsic pathway

W (warfarin) e(extrinsic)
Pt (protime)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

condition with vitamin c deficiency

A

Scurvy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Triple helix structure with glycine-X-Y (proline or hydrodyproline)

A

Collagen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Molecules that contain an equal number of + and - charged groups bear no net change.

Dipolar ion

A

Zwitterions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Amino acids contains both acidic and basic group. at physiological pH (~7)

A

Amphoteric

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Used to express the strength of weak acids

A

pKa

smaller pKa = stronger
larger pKa = weaker

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Property of amino acids reflects their ionic character

A

Solubility

*tryptophan, tyrosine and phenylalanine (aromatic rings) absorb higher wavelenght ultraviolet light

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Responsible for formation of esters, amides and acid anhydrides

A

Carboxylic acid groups

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

for acylation and esterification

A

Amino groups

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

smallest amino acid

A

glycine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

Protein structure - peptide bond

A

Primary structure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

Protein structure - Beta pleated sheets or Alpha helix

A

Secondary structure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

Protein structure - Domains, salt bridges, myoglobin

A

tertiary structure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

Protein structure - hemoglobin

A

Quaternary structure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

Amino acids are linked together by?

A

Peptide bond

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

Presence of peptide test (violet in color)

A

Biuret test

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

Rate limiting enzyme of pentose phosphate pathway / HMP

A

Glucose 6 phosphate dehydrogenare

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

3 amino acids comprises structure of glutathione

A

glutamyl
cysteinyl
glycine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

amino acids with alipathic side chains

A

Glycine (heme synthesis)
Alanine
Valine
Isoleucine
Leucine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

Branched chain amino acid

A

Valine
Isoleucine
Leucine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

congenital deficiency of branched chain amino acid

A

maple syrup disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

Hydroxyl group amino acid

A

Serine
Threonine
Tyrosine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

amino acids with sulfur atoms

A

Cysteine
Methionine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

1st amino acid in genetic code

A

Methionine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

Amino acids with acidic groups

A

Aspartic acid
Asparagine
Glutamic acid
Glutamine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

Basic amino acids

A

Histidine
Arginine
Lysine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

Precursor of nitric oxide, urea cycle

A

Arginine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
56
Q

undergoes decarboxylation - Histamine

A

Histidine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
57
Q

Amino acid with aromatic ring

A

Phenylalanine
Tryptophan
Histidine
Tyrosine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
58
Q

Precursor of cathecholamines

A

Tyrosine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
59
Q

Precursor of vit B3 or niacin

A

Tryptophan

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
60
Q

Amino acid with Imino group

A

Proline

-causes collagen kinks

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
61
Q

Atypical amino acids

A

Pyrrolysine
Selenocycteine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
62
Q

21st amino acid

A

Selenocysteine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
63
Q

3 stop codons

A

UAG
UAA
UGA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
64
Q

Mutation when a stop codon is involved

A

Nonsense mutation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
65
Q

Essential amino acids

A

Phenylalanine
Valine
Threonine

Tryptophan
Isoleucine
Methionine

Histidine
Arginine
Leucine
Lysin

Always ARGues , never TYRs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
66
Q

Purely ketogenic amino acids

A

Leucine
Lysine

“KiLL”

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
67
Q

Biochemical pathways occur in the mitochondria

A

Fatty Acid Oxydation
Acetyl CoA
TCA (Krebs cycle)
Oxydative Phosphorylation (Respiratory Chain/ ETC)

Mito FATO

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
68
Q

Biochemical pathways occur in the Cytosol and Mitochondria

A

Heme
Urea
Gluconeogenesis

give BOTH of you a HUG

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
69
Q

Where does glycolysis occur?

A

Cytosol

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
70
Q

2 types of glycolysis?

A

Aerobic and anaerobic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
71
Q

End product of aerobic glycolysis

A

Pyruvate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
72
Q

End product of anaerobic glycolysis

A

Lactate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
73
Q

Rate limiting enzyme of glycolysis

A

Phosphofructokinase (PFK)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
74
Q

Glycogen storage disease with deficiency in Phosphofructokinase (PFK)

A

Type 7 - Tarui’s disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
75
Q

Enzyme inhibited by Flouride

A

Enolase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
76
Q

Other name of glycolysis

A

Embden Meyerhoff Parnas Pathway

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
77
Q

Metabolism of glucose to pyruvate/lactate

A

Glycolysis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
78
Q

First step in utilization of sugars

A

Phosphorylation of glucose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
79
Q

Found in most tissue
Low Km
Low Vmax

A

Hexokinase

H = Humble (low Km low Vmax)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
80
Q

What inhibits hexokinase

A

Glucose-6-phosphate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
81
Q

What inhibits glucokinase?

A

Fructose 6 phosphate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
82
Q

What stimulates glucokinase?

A

Glucose
Insulin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
83
Q

The most potent activator of Phosphofructokinase

A

Fructose 2, 6 bisphosphate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
84
Q

Well fed or starvation?

Dec glucagon
Inc insulin
Inc frictose 2,6 bisphosphate
Inc glycolysis

A

Well fed state

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
85
Q

Cleaves fructose 1, 6 bisphosphate
Found in the liver and kidney

A

Aldolase B

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
86
Q

Used in the liver and adipose tissue for triglyceride synthesis

Isomerized to become glyceraldehyde 3 phosphate

A

DHAP - Dihydroxyacetone Phosphate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
87
Q

Deficiency in aldolase B presents

A

Hemolytic anemia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
88
Q

MOA: competing with inorganic phosphate as substrate for G3P DEHYDROGENASE — complex that spontaneously hydrolyzes to form 3-phosphoglycerate

A

Arsenic poisoning

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
89
Q

Mg or Mn dependent
Inhibited by flouride

A

Enolase

90
Q

2nd most common cause of enzymatic related HEMOLYTIC ANEMIA

A

Pyruvate Kinase Deficiency

91
Q

Most common cause of enzymatic related hemolytic anemia

A

Glucose 6 phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency (G6PD deficiency)

92
Q

What enzyme catalyzes the first substrate level phosphorylation in glycolysis?

A

Phosphoglycerate kinase

93
Q

What enzyme catalyze the irreversible reactions of glycolysis?

A

Hexokinase
Phosphofructokinase
Pyruvate kinase

94
Q

Other names of Pentose Phosphate Pathway

A

Hexose Monophosphate Pathway/ Shunt
Phosphogluconate oxidative pathway
Warburg- Dickens Pathway

95
Q

Products of Pentose Phosphate Pathway

A

NADP (2 generated per glucose6-P)
Ribose

96
Q

Location of PPP

A

Cytosol

97
Q

Rate limiting enzyme of PPP/ HMP

A

Glucose-6- Phosphate Dehydrogenase (G6PD)

98
Q

Reactants of PPP

A

NADP
Glucose-6-P

99
Q

Phases of PPP

A
  1. Oxidative - produce NADPH
  2. Non oxidative - Pentose sugars produced for nuclei cholesterol acid synthesis
100
Q

Tissues with active Pentose phosphate pathway

A

RBC
Adrenal gland
Testes
Adipose tissue
Mammary gland

101
Q

Pathways in mitochondrial matrix (3)

A

Kreb’s cycle
Urea cycle
B-oxidation

102
Q

The only thiamine enzyme in the RBC that is needed for interconversion of sugars

A

Transketolase

103
Q

NADPH functions (4)

A
  1. Biosynthesis of FA and steroids
  2. Supply of Reduced Glutathione
  3. Bactericidal (respiratory burst)
  4. Liver microsomal cytP450
104
Q

What immune deficiency arises with defective respiratory burst?

A

CGD
Chronic Granulomatous Disease

“Lacks respiratory/oxidative burst”
Recurrent pyogenic infection + granuloma

105
Q

NADH is important for

A

ATP Production

106
Q

NADPH is important for

A

Reductive biosynthesis

107
Q

Reduced form of NADP

A

NADPH

108
Q

Deficiency of G6PD causes?

A

Favism

Fava beans - mediterranean diet

109
Q

Converts 6 phosphoglucono lactone to 6 phosphogluconate

A

Lactonase

110
Q

Second half of PPP

A

Non oxidative

Reversible
Interconversion of sugars occur
Produce ribose
No key enzymes

111
Q

PPP and Glycolysis overlaps with what intermediates?

A

Glucose 6 phosphate
Glyceraldehyde e phosphate
Fructose 6 phosphate

112
Q

Cellular antioxidant
Reduces Glutathione disulfide(GSSG) to sulfhydryl form GSH

A

Glutathione reductase / selenium

113
Q

Thiamine (Vit B1) deficiency in alcoholics

A

Wernickes korsakoffs
Deficient transketolase activity

114
Q

Genetic deficiency of NADPH oxidase i. WBC
Lacks respiratory burst
Susceptible to catalase positive organism
Negative nitroblue tetrazolium test

A

Chronic granulomatous disease

115
Q

Inner mitochondrial membrane (3)

A

ETC
Succinate Dehydrogenase
ATP synthase

116
Q

Final common pathway in aerobic cells by which electrons derived from various substrates are transferred to oxygen

A

Electron Transport chain
Respiratory chain pathway
Oxidative phosphorylation

117
Q

Synthesis of ATP from ADP by phosphorylation coupled with the exergonic breakdown of a high energy organic substrate molecule

A

Substrate level phosphorylation

118
Q

Enzymes with substrate level phosphorylation (3)

A

Pyruvate kinase
Phosphoglycerate kinase
Succinylcholine CoA Synthase

119
Q

Phosphorylation of ADP is coupled with the oxidation of substrate in the ETC

A

Oxidative phosphorylation

120
Q

Final acceptor of electrons along ETC

A

Oxygen

121
Q

Iron containing component of ETC

A

Cytochromes

122
Q

The only mobile, water soluble protein cytochrome

A

Cytochrome C

123
Q

A non protein isoprenoid quinone
Most abundant
Shares structural homologous with Vit E and A

A

Ubiquinone (Coenzyme Q)

124
Q

Associated with metalloflavoproteins and cytochrome B

A

Fe-sulfur complex

125
Q

Complexes of ETC (4 - 5)

A

Complex 1 - NADH dehydrogenase
Complex 2 - succinate dehydrogensase
Complex 3 - cytochrome b-c1 complex
Complex 4 - cytochrome oxidase
Complex 5 - ATP synthase

126
Q

2 domains of ATP synthase (complex 5)

A

Fo - inhibited by OLIGOMYCIN
F1 domain

127
Q

Inhibitors of complex 1 (NADH dehydrogenase)

A

A -Barbiturate
Amytal
R - RotenONE
P - Pericidine

These do not deplete ATP production because they do not block the complex II

128
Q

Inhibitors of complex 2 (succinate dehydrogenase)

A

Malonate
TTFA (Thenoyl trifluroacetone)
Carboxin

You still have ATP production via complex 1

129
Q

A chelating agent that blocks complex II

A

TTFA (Thenoyl trifluoroacetone)

130
Q

Inhibitors of complex 3 (Q cytochrome c oxidoreductase)

A

Antomycin A
Dinercapror

No ATP Produced!

131
Q

Inhibitors of complex 4 cytochrome oxidase

A

Cyanide
CO
Na azide
H2S

132
Q

Used in treatment for arsenic, gold, mercury, peas and other toxic metals

A

Dimercaprol
- blocks complex III

133
Q

Compounds that allow oxidation to continue without corresponding ATP synthesis

A

Uncouplers

Ex. Thermogenin and 2,4 dinitrophenol and aspirin

134
Q

Known uncoupling protein 1 or UCP1 found in brown adipose tissues (newborns)
Used to generate heat

A

Thermogenin

135
Q

Transports protons across the membrane and destroy the pH gradient

A

Uncouplers

136
Q

Fat soluble vitamins

A

Vit A D E K

137
Q

Energy yield from lipids

A

9kcal/gram

138
Q

Energy yield from protein or carbohydrates

A

4 kcal/gram

139
Q

Major dietary fat

A

Triglycerides

140
Q

Saturated FA mostly comes from

A

Animal fats (meat, poultry, butter)

Increased incidence of coronary artery disease because of high LDL

141
Q

Polyunsaturated FA (PUFA) mostly comes from

A

Plant Oils (corn, sesame, soybeans, tuna)

142
Q

Group of fatty acid that’s good for the heart

A

Omega 3 Fatty acids

143
Q

Fatty acid in coconut oil

A

LAURIC ACID C12
Saturated FA

coconut oil and soaps

Monolaurin - antimicrobial for acne and psoriasia

144
Q

Treatment of hypercholesterolemia

A

Diets that contain MUFA and PUFA

145
Q

Treatment of hypertriglyceridemia and protection from thrombosis

A

Omega 3 class of PUFA

146
Q

Organelle in the cell that is responsible for the metabolism of very long fatty acids

A

Peroxysomes
Contains emzymes for B oxidation

147
Q

Palmitic acid

A

16 carbons - Hexadecanoid acid

Firat FA produced during lipogenesis
Most common saturated FA in animals and plants

Good for the skin

148
Q

Stearic acid

A

18 carbons = octadecanoic acid

“Stearing wheel = 18yo”

Cosmetics
Soaps

149
Q

Myristic acid

A

14 carbons

Palm and coxonut oil
Butter
Milk

150
Q

Fatty acids treatment of autism

A
151
Q

Body can synthesize needed fat except

A

Linoleic and alpha linolenic acid

152
Q

The only absolute Essential Fatty Acid

A

Linoleic Acid

Precursor of arachidonic acid

153
Q

Precursot of EPA and DHA

A

LinoLENIC acid

Lowers TAGs and increases cholesterol clearance from plasma

154
Q

LinoLEIC acid (C18)

A

2 double bonds

155
Q

LinoLENIC acid (C18)

A

3 double bands

156
Q

Arachidonic acid (C20)

A

4 double bonds

157
Q

A 20 Carbon Omega 6 Fatty acid with 4 double bonds

Give rise to Eicosanoids

A

Arachidonic acid

158
Q

Drug that inhibits thromboxane A2
Antiplatelet property

A

Aspirin

159
Q

Leukotriene inhibitors treatment for asthma

A

Montelukast
Zafirlukast

160
Q

Black box warning for montelukast

A

Depression
Hallucinations
Singulair
Hostility
Sleep disturbances

Adults: suicidal thought

161
Q

Anti-inflammatory drug inhibits phospholipase A2

A

Steroids

162
Q

COX 2 specific inhibitors

A

Celecoxib
Rofecoxib (vioxx - CVS effects - MI, CAD)
Parecoxib (IV)
Etoricoxib

163
Q

Side effects of blocking Cox-1 activity

A

Gastritis
GI bleed

164
Q

Used for prophylaxis for colon CA

A

Aspirin

165
Q

Produced by endothelial cells of blood vessels

Causes vasodilation
Inhibits platelet aggregation
Increase camp

A

Prostacyclin (PGI2)

166
Q

Produced by platelets
Promote platelet aggregation

Decrease camp
Vasoconstrict

Contractuon of smooth muscles

A

Thromboxane A2 (TXA2)

167
Q

Produced by most tussues especially kidneys
Causes arteriolar vasodilation

Increase cap permeability
Evokes chemokinesis of T cells

Enhance PAIN caused by histamine and bradykinin
induce labor

A

Prostaglandin E2 (PGE 2)

168
Q

PGE1 agonist used to treat peptic ulcer but the side effect is abortion

A

Misoprostol

169
Q

PGE2 in obstetrics

A

Dinoprostone

170
Q

Mast cell stabilizer used for tx of asthma

A

Cromolyn sodium

171
Q

Largest amount of stored energy in the body

A

Triacylglycerol

172
Q

Energy source reserved for strenuous muscular activity

A

Muscle glycogen

173
Q

Primary source of carbon for maintaining blood glucose levels during an overnight fast

A

Liver glycogen

174
Q

Major precursor of urea in urine

A

Protein

175
Q

After a fast for a few days, ketone bodies become an important fuel

A

Brain

176
Q

Ketone bodies are used as a fuel after an overnight fast

A

Skeletal muscle

177
Q

Fatty acids are not a significant fuel source at any time

A

Red blood cell

178
Q

During starvation, this tissue uses amino acids to maintain blood glucose levels

A

Liver

179
Q

This tissue converts lactate from muscle to a fuel for other tissues

A

Liver

180
Q

Major process for maintaining blood glucose levels after an overnight fast

A

Liver GLYCOGENOLYSIS

181
Q

Major fuel store of the body

A

Adipose triacylglycerol

182
Q

Non specific but considered as the standard for assessing overall protein malnutrition

A

Albumin

183
Q

Bond formed when a carboxylic acid reacts with phosphoric acid releasing H2O

A

Anhydride bond

184
Q

Bond formed when phosphoric acid reacts with an alcohol releasing water

A

Phosphate ester

185
Q

Bond formed when a phosphate group contains two ester linkages as in structures of the nucleic acids

A

Phosphodiester

186
Q

This phase of cell cycle, the cells prepare to duplicate their chromosomes

A

G1

187
Q

This phase of cell cycle is where the synthesis of DNA (replication) occurs

A

S phase

188
Q

This phase of cell cycle where the cell prepares to divide

A

G2

189
Q

This phase of the cell cycle is where the cell division occurs

A

M phase

190
Q

Clustering of receptors over clathrin-coated pits in the inner membrane and then invagination of the membrane to form an intracellular vesicle that contains the receptor-growth factor complex

A

Receptor mediated endocytosis

191
Q

Endocytosis without the receptors – vesicle formation

A

Pinocytosis

192
Q

Receptor mediated entry into a cell through caveolae

A

Potocytosis

193
Q

Formation of membrane around a particle and then the endocytosis of that membrane containing the particle

A

Phagocytosis

194
Q

Results from the inability to appropriately target lysosomal proteins and it is a lysosomal storage disease

A

I cell disease

195
Q

Chief inhibitory neurotransmitter

A

GABA

196
Q

Contains the most triacylglycerol
Least dense of the blood lipoproteins

A

Chylomicrons

197
Q

Contains more protein than chylomicron
Demser than Chylomicrons but less dense than LDL

A

VLDL

198
Q

Produced by the degradation of the triacylglycerols of VLDL

A

LDL

199
Q

Most dense of the blood lipoproteins
Has the most protein and least triacylglycerol

A

HDL

200
Q

Determining factor if a Beta oxidation will occur

A

Chain length
<10-12 carbons = no need for carnitine

201
Q

Strong indicator of fatty acid oxidation problem

A

Hypokinetic hypoglycemia

202
Q

Neuro deficit
Lactic acidosis
Increase serum alanine starting infancy

Build up of pyruvate that gets shunted to lactate and alanine
Dx?

Tx?

A

Pyruvate dehydrogenase complex deficiency

Tx: ketogenic diet

203
Q

Pentose phosphate pathway

A

HMP shunt

204
Q

Aldolase B deficiency

Hypoglycemia
Jaundice
Cirrhosis
Vomiting
—- after eating fruit, juice or honey

Dx?

A

Hereditary fructose intolerance

205
Q

Glucogenic amino acids

A

Methionine
Histidine
Valine

“Met His Val-entine”

206
Q

Most common urea cycle disorder

Interferes with body’s ability to eliminate ammonia

Increase orotic acid blood and urine
Decrease BUN

A

Ornithine transcarbamylasr deficiency

207
Q

pH at which an equivalent distribution of acid and conjugate base exist in solution

A

PKa

208
Q

pH at which the molecule is electrically neutral

A

Isoelectric point

209
Q

A solution or substance which resists changes in pH when small quantities of an acid or base are added to it

A

Buffering

210
Q

More likely to be exposed to water than to be found in the interior of a folded protein

A

Polar amino acids

211
Q

The greatest buffering capacity at physiological pH would be provided by a protein rich in which amino acid?

A

Histidine

212
Q

Hallmark feature of Gaucher disease

A

Presence of lipid-engorged cells of the monocyte/macrophage lineage with a characteristic appearance in variety of tissues

213
Q

Disease where ganglioside GM2 is NOT catabolized

A

Tay sachs disease
Absent hexosaminidase A

214
Q

The carbon about which the rotation occurs in ring structures of carbohydrates is the?

A

Anomeric carbon

2 forms = anomers

215
Q

Deficiency of hepatic enzyme ALDOLASE B would result in a reduced ability to metabolize which carbohydrates?

A

Fructose

216
Q

Backbone of glycosphingolilids

A

Ceramide

217
Q

Globotriaosylceramide

Disorder characterized by lysosomal accumulation of glycosphingolipud with terminal a-galactosyl residues

A

Fabry disease

218
Q

Class of lipid involved in the resolution of inflammatory responses

A

Resolvins

Class D - DHA
Class E - EPA

219
Q

In patient with Severe Combined Immunodeficiency (SCID), what compound is expected to be elevated in the blood?

A

Adenosine and DEOXYADENOSINE

Adenosine deaminase deficiency (ADA)

220
Q

In patient with Lesch-Nyhan syndrome, what compound is expected to be elevated in the urine?

In serum?

A

Urine — Uric acid
Serum — xanthine

Deficiency of hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase (HGPRT)

221
Q

Protein structure resulting from interaction at least 2 protein subunits in the functional protein

A

Quaternary structure

BOARD REVIEW (19 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions