MICRO/PARA Flashcards
Largest ciliated sidephora
Balantidium coli
Only ciliated protozoa that infects humans
Balantidium coli
Parasite that causes sexually transmitted disease that has undulating membrane
Trichomonas vaginalis
Cervix of someone with trichomoniasis
Strawberry cervix
Whip worm
Trichuris tricuria
With complex life cycle alternating from sexual and asexual reproduction phase
Sporozoa
Specific infection by pneumocystis jiroveci caused in patients with HIV /AIDS
PCP - Pneumocystis Carini Pmeumonia
> > > BAL
>silver stain
» Trimetoprim sulfamethoxazole
Hematologic picture of a patient with classic manifestation of ascaris infection
Iron deficiency anemia
Megaloblastic anemia»_space;» Vitamin B12 deficiency
Diphylobothrium latum (fish tape worm)
Worms associated with autoinfection (2)
Strongyloides stercoralis
Enterobius vermicularis
Hermaphroditic
Platyhelminths
Trematode vs nematode
Trematode don’t have cuticle
Gram negative rods
Motile with peritrichous flagella or nonmotile
Catalase +, oxidase -
Enterobacteriaceae
Metallic sheen on differential media
E. Coli
“Swarming” on agar; urea rapidly hydrolized (smell of ammonia)
Proteus sp
E. coli virulence factor that impedes phagocytosis, blocks binding of C3b
Causes neonatal sepsis and meningitis
K1 antigen
E. Coli virulence factor that allows bacteria to bind to P blood group antigen on urinary tract cells
P-pili
Most common cause of UTI in young sexually active females
Staphylococcus saphrophyticus
Encodes genetic material
Plasmid
Montezuma’s revenge
ETEC
Most common cause of infantile diarrhea
Rotavirus
With motile rods (peritrichous flagella), ferment glucose and mannose without producing gas, but no lactose or sucrose
Salmonellae
Fever (stepladder/picket fence pattern)
Abdominal pain
“Rose spits”
Bradycardia
Salmonella– typhoid fever
Laboratory diagnostics of typhoid fever
Blood - 1st week
Urine - 2nd week
Stool - 3rd week
DOC of typhoid fever
Ceftriaxone 2g/d (IV) for 2 weeks
Treponema pallidum - primary syphilis?
Chancre
Treponema pallidum - secondary syphilis
Condyloma lata
Treponema pallidum - tertiary syphillis
Gumma
Saber shin
Saddle nose
CN VIII deafness
Hutchinson’s teeth
Mulberry molars
Congenital syphilis
Aerobic and non-motile, rod shaped, (+) mycolic acid in cell
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
Paul Bunnel test
Epstein Barr Virus
Owls eye inclusion bodies
Cytomegalovirus
Organism associated with hospital acquired and ventilator associated pneumonia
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Malarial pigment
Hematin (hemozoin)
Maurer’s
P. Falciparum
(Ferdinand Marcos)
Zieman’s
P. Malariae
(Manila Zoo)
James dots
P. Ovale
(OJ)
Schuffner’s dots
P. Vivax
(Vilma Santos)
EBV associated tumor found at the fossa of Rosenmuller
Nasopharyngeal CA
African decent
Translocation of t8,14
Biopsy- sheets of lymphocyte with “starry sky appearance”
C-myc
Burkitt lymphoma
Reed sternberg cell
MC type is nodular sclerosing
Hodgkins disease
Cause of hererophil + infective mononucleosis
Ebstein Barr Virus (EBV)
Kissing disease
Most common cause of heterophil (-) infectious mononucleosis
CMV
Most common cause of heterophil (+) infectious mononucleosis
EBV
Mode of transmission of EBV
Kissing or water bottle sharing
(Sexual intercourse and oral secretions)
Ebstein barr virus receptor
Compliment receptor type 2 (CR2)
aka CD3 receptor
B CELLS in tonsilar crypts
Generalized LAD
Splenomegaly
Hepatomagaly
Pharyngitis
Low grade fever
ATYPICAL LYMPHOCYTOSIS
Paul bunnel antibody positive
Dx?
EBV
Pharyngitis
Atypical lymphocytosis
DOWNY TYPE 2 CELLS
Dx?
Infectious mononucleosis
Malignancies associated with EBV
Burkitt’s lymphoma
Nasopharyngeal CA
Hodgkins disease
Virus has tropism for erythroid cells
Parvovirus B19
Slapped cheek appearance
Lacy appearing rash
Dx?
Erythema infectiosum
5th disease
Parvovirus B19
Butterfly rash on face
SLE
Heliotrope rash on eyelid
Dermatomyositis
Heliotrope rash on eyelid
Dermatomyositis
Rash presents as splitting of the skin
Staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome
Hydrops fetalis
Erythema infectiosum
Erythema infectiosum
Transient aplastic anemia
Pure red cell aplasia
Hydrops fetalis
Parvovirus
Erythema infectiosum
Nagayama spots
Roseola infantum
6th disease
Exanthem subitum
Koplik’s spots
Measles
6 month old child
Rash appeared after fever
Ulcer in uvulopaloglossal junction (nagayama spot)
Dx?
Roseola infantum
6th disease
Exanthem subitum
Difference of gram positive and gram negative
Thick peptidoglycan layer of gram positive
Test to differentiate staphylococcus from streptococcus
Catalase test
Staph - (+) - clusters
Strep - (-) - chain
Test to differentiate other staph organisms
Coagulase test
Only coagulase positive stapylococcus organism
Staphylococcus aureus
Habitat of staphylococcus aureus
Nares
Golden yellow colonies of Staphylococcus aureus
Staphyloxanthin
Gold = AU —-aureus
Gram + cocci in grape like cluster
Catalase +
Coagulase +
Beta hemolytic
Salt tolerant on Mannitol salt agar (MSA)
Staphylococcus aureus
Preformed HEAT STABLE ENTEROTOXIN
Mayonnaise
Potato salad
Custard
Starts quickly and ends quickly
Gastroenteritis caused by?
Enterotoxin A - E
Staphylococcus aureus
Tampon
Strawberry tongue
Desquamating rash (palms and soles)
Toxic shock syndrome
Toxic shock syndrome toxin-1 (TSST-1) superantigen
Staph aureus
Exfoliatin cleaves Desmoglein in desmosomes resulting to separation of epidermis at the Stratum Granulosum
Staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome (SSSS)
Staph aureus
Toxic shock syndrome
Superantigen-mediated cytokine storm and M proteib -mediated neutrophil activation
Most common cause of osteomyelitis in general population
Staph aureus
BRODIE ABSCESS
Pneumonia
Post influenza
X-ray: pneumatocoele
Caused by what organism?
Staph aureus
Substance responsible for x-ray finding (Pneumatocoele) in staph aureus infection
Panton Valentin Leukocidin (PVL)
Tricuspid valve endocarditis in IV drug users
Staph aureus
Cystic fibrosis patient may die due to what organisms?
Pseudomonnas and staph aureus
Acute endocarditis
Staph aureus
Subacute endocarditis
S. Viridans
Endocarditis due to prosthetic valves
S. Epidermidis
Habitat of S. Epidermidis
Skin
Osteomyelitis in sexually active
N. Gonorrheae
Osteomyelitis in drug users
P. Auruginosa
Osteomyelitis in sickle cell anemia
Salmonella sp.
Most common cause of spinal epidural abscess and suppurative intracranial phlebitis
Staphylococcus aureus
Meningitis cuased by a ventriculo peritoneal shunt
Staph epidermidis
Splitting of the skin
SSSS
Exfoliatin
Most severe form of SSSS
Ritter’s disease
Acute mastitis
S. Aureus
MRSA DOC?
Vancomycin
Vancomycin-resistant SA (VRSA)
DOC?
Linezolid
Gram + cocci in cluster
Catalase +
Coagulase (-)
Novobiocin sensitive
Staph epidermidis
Gram + cocci in cluster
Catalase +
Coagulase (-)
Novobiocin resistant
S. Saphrophyticus
NO StR ES
NOvobiocin
Saphrophyticus - Resistant
Epidermidis - Susceptible
Polysaccharide capsule for adhesion of S. Epidermidis
Biofilm
Separation of the epidermis at the dermo-epidermal junction
(TEN) Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis or Lylle Disease
Impetigo contagiosa, furuncles, folliculitus, hidradenitis suppurativa, mastitis
Staph aureus
Main reason why MRSA strains are resistant to oxacillin, methicillin and nafcillin
Altered penicillin-binding proteins that have reduced binding of antibiotics
2nd most common cause of UTI in sexually active women
Staph saprophyticus
Merhod of grouping catalase negative, coagulase negative bacteria based on CARBOHYDRATE COMPOSITION of bacterial antigens found in their cell wall
Lancefield group
Gram positive cocci in chains
Beta hemolytic
Catalase negative
Bacitracin sensitive
Lancefield group A
Positive PYR test
Streptococcus pyogenes (Group A)
Most common bacterial cause of sore throat
Beefy red pharynx
Streptococcus pyogenes
Fever
Straberry tongue
Centrifugal, sandpaper-like rash
Pastia’s line
Dx?
Scarlet fever
Susceptibility testing for scarlet fever
Dick’s test
Inject 0.1cc of erythrogenic toxin -> (+) reddening of skin (>10mm) within 24hrs
Recognizable site of pyogenic inflammation due to PYOGENIC EXOTOXIN A
Streptococcal Toxic shock-like syndrome
Production of antibodies directed againts a stretococcal cell wall M protein that cross reacts with myocardial tissue
Acute Rheumatic Fever
Strep pyogenes
Deposition of circulating streptococcal -antistreptococcal immune complexes in the glomeruli -> subsequent activation of complement
Post streptococcal GN
Strep pyogenes
Deposition of circulating streptococcal -antistreptococcal immune complexes in the glomeruli -> subsequent activation of complement
Post streptococcal GN
DOC of strel pyogenes
Penicillin G
Gram + cocci in chains
Beta hemolytic
Catalase negative
Bacitracin resistant
Hydrolyze hippurate
CAMP - test positive
Lancefield group B
Streptococcus agalactiae (Group B)
Most common cause of neonatal pneymonia, sepsis and meningitis
Streptococcus agalactiae (Group B)
Habitat of streptococcus agalactiae
Vagina
Marker of group B streptococcal vaginal carriage
GBS isolation from URINE at. 35-37 weeks AOG
Gram positive
Lancet shaped diplococci or shoer chains
Alpha hemolytic
Catalase negative
Bile soluble
Optochin - sensitive
Prominent polysaccharide capsule
Positive quellung reaction
Streptococcus pneumoniae
Habitat of strep pnaumoniae
Upper respiratory tract
Aspiration of oral secretions containing normal flora
Streptococcus pneumoniae
Major virulence factor of streptococcus pneumonia which retards the phagocytosis
Polysaccharide capsule
Most common cause of CAP
Strep pneumonia
Most common cause of otitis media, sinusitis, bacteria meningitis
Streptococcus pneumoniae
Gram positive cocci in chains
Alpha hemolytic
Catalase negative
Bile insoluble and optochin resistant
Do not grow in 6.5% NaCl
Viridans streptococci
Most common viridans streptococci responsible for liver, spleen and brain abscess.
Most susceptible to antibiotics than other strains of viridans streptococci
Caramel odor
Milleri streptococci complex
Habitat of viridans group
Oropharynx
Enter during dental procedures
Glycocalyx enhances adhesion to damaged heart valves and protected from host defenses within vegetations
Viridans streptococci
Most common cause of subacute and native valve endocarditis
S sanguis
Viridans strep
Bile esculin +
PyR test +
Growth in 6.5% NaCl +
Organism?
Group D Streptococcus
Enterococci faecalis
Bile esculin +
PyR test -
Growth in 6.5% NaCl -
Organism?
Group D Streptococcus
Streptococcus Bovis
Associated with malignancies of the GI tract
Streptococcus bovis
Marantic Endocarditis
Non bacterial thrombotic endocarditis caused by streptococcus bovis
Species NOT HIGHLY PATHOGENIC but may still cause UTI in hospitalized persons
Enterococci sp (Group D)
Cause UTI in people with indwelling urinary catheters
Enterococcus faecalis
May cause endocarditis in patient who underwent GIT surgery
Enterococcus faecalis
DOC of Enterococcus faecalis
Penicillin + Gentamycin
Gram +
Catalase - coccus that grow in small clusters or TETRADS
Aerococcus
Aerobic
Non-motile curved
chinese characters
Corynebacterium diphtheriae
Aerobic
Curved
Tumbling motility
Listeria monocytogenes
Aerobic
Spore forming
Gram + rod
Non-motile
Box-car shaped
Bacillus anthracis
Spore forming
Gram + rods
Aerobic
Motile
Reheated fried rice
Bacillus cereus
Spore forming
Gram +rods
Anearobic
Tennis racket-like
Clostridium tetani
Spore forming
Gram +rods
Anearobic
Bulging cans
Clostridium botulinum
Spore forming
Gram +rods
Anearobic
Lecithinase
Gas-forming
Egg yolk agar (EYA)
Closridium perfringens
Spore forming
Gram +rods
Anearobic
Pseudomembranes
Clostridium difficile
Metachromatic granules
Babes-ernst granules
Volutin granules
Corynebacrerium diptheria
Pseudomembrane in the mouth
Corynebacterium diphtheria
Elek test
Immuno diffusion technique
Used to test for toxigenicity of C. diptheriae
Arcanobacterium hemolyticum produces what
Phospholipase D
Responsible for the reverse CAMP reaction with S. Aureus
Only species of Listeria that is pathogenic for humans
Listeria monocytogenes
Nonbranching
Non sporeforming
Gram + rods
Listeria
Only species of Listeria that is pathogenic for animals
Listeria ivanovii
Unpasteurized milk products
Listeria monocytogenes
Transmission of listeria?
Placenta or by contact during delivery
Unpasteurized milk product
Skin lesion in neonatal listeriosis
Granulomatosis infantisepticum
Catalase -
Non spore forming
Non-motile
Facultative anaerobic
Gram + bacillus
Erysipelothrix
Causes erysipeloid and recognized pathogen in humans
Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae
Butchers
Abattoir workers
Fishermen
Fish handlers
Poultry processors
Veterinarians
Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae
Most common form of erysipeloid
Local cutaneous infection
Violaceous zones
Pipe cleaner pattern of growth in gelatin stab cultures
Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae
Umbrella like pattern in semisolid medium
Listeria monocytogenes
Most reliable diagnostic characteristic of Bacillus
Spore formation
All bacillus sp are motile except?
Bacillus anthracis
Medusa head morphology
Bacillus anthracis
Woolsorter’s disease
Bacillus anthracis
Category A pathogens
Bioterrorism
Bacillus anthracis
Virulence factor of b. anthracis
Poly-D glutamate
- inhibit phagocytosis
Black eschar / malignant pustule
Cutaneous anthrax
Protease that cleaves protein involved in the release of glycine from Renshaw cells in spinal cord
Tetanospasmin
Tetanus toxin
Spastic paralysis, tetany
Trismus
Risus sardonicus
Opisthotonos
Respiratory failure
Clostridium tetani
DOC of tetanus
- Debridement
- Metronidazole
*** Penicillin inhibits glycine activity and hence should NOT be used
- Anti tetanus vaccine
- given in children after 10years thereafter
Honey
Clostridium botulinum
Most common immunologic types of toxin in clostridium botulinum in humans
Types A, B and E
Triad of botulism
Symmetric descending flaccid paralysis
No fever
Intact sensorium
Floppy baby syndrome
Infant botulism
Double zone of hemolysis on blood agar
Clostridium perfringens
Gram + rods
Anaerobic
Spore forming
Egg yolk agar (EYA) +
Clostridium perfringens
Prolonged used of antibiotics
Flare ups of ulcerative colitis
Clostridium deficile
Nonbloody diarrhea associated with colonic pseudomembranes
Clostridium difficile
Primary host factor associated with increased risk of nocardiosis
Cellular immune dysfunction
Eczematous dermatitis of the breast
Staph aureus
Hidradenitis suppurativa
Proteus vulgaris
Anterior horn cells
Polio
ALS
Trigeminal root ganglion
HSV1
Sacral nerve ganglia
HSV2
Dorsal root ganglia
VZV
B lymphocytes
EBV
Fibroblasts
CMV
Cancers associated with EBV (4)
Burkitts lymphoma
Nasopharyngeal CA
B-cell lymphoma
Hairy leukoplakia in AIDS
Cancer associated with Chronic HBV
Primary Hepatocellular CA
Cancer associated with Chronic HCV
Primary Hepatocellular CA
Cancers associated with HPV
Cervical CA
Vulvar CA
Vaginal CA
Penile CA
Anogenital CA
Cancer associated with HTLV-1
CD4 T cell Leukemia/ lymphoma
Cancer associated with HHV 8
Kaposi sarcoma
2 major antigens of Influenza virus
Hemagglutinin (H) and Neuramidase (N)
Avian flu subtype
H5N1
Swine flu subtype
H1N1
Major change
Iccurs in subtype A only
Pandemic
Drift or shift?
Shift
Virus causes hemorrhagic fever
Dengue
Ebola
Marburg
Filovirus causes hemorrhagic fever
Ebola
Marburg
Most virulent subtype of Polio
Serotype 1
Difference in capsid proteins
Live attenuated polio vaccine
SABIN
Oral
Risk of post-polio syndrome
Dead polio vaccine
SALK
Injection
Coxsackie A virus causes…
Herpangina
Hand-foot-and-mouth disease
Coxsackie B causes
Pleurodynia (Bornholm disease)
Myocarditis
Pericarditis
Most common cause of severe chikdhood diarrhea
Rotavirus
2nd most common cause of pediatric diarrhea
Adenovirus
Diarrhea
Party salad
Staph aureus
Diarrhea
Raw seafood
(-) cellulitis
Vibrio parahemolyticus
Diarrhea
Raw seafood
(+) cellulitis
Vibrio vulnificus
Diarrhea
China town
Fried rice
B. Cereus
Group of rotavirus that causes human disease
Group A rotavirus
Primary target of Parvovirus B19
Erythroid cell (RBC)
——> transient arrest of erythropoiesis
Slapped cheek
Lace like appearance f rash
Palms and soles are spared
Rash - no desquamation but wax and wanes
Erythema infectiosum
5th disease
Erythema infectiosum
Transient aplastic crisis
Pure red cell aplasia
Hydrops fetalis
Parvoviridae
HHV 6 (can supress all cellular lineages within the bone marrow)
Sixth disease - exanthem subitum
6 moths and 2 years
Roseola
Entire multiplication cycle takes place in the CYTOPLASM of infected cells unlike othe DNA viruses that usually occurs in the nucleus
POXVIRUS
More virulent poxvirus infections in humans
Variola
Vaccinia is less virulent
Umbilicated, pearly white papule in the face, arms, back and buttocks
Benign epiderma tumor that occurs only in humans
Molluscum contangiosum
Mosquit borne viral diseases
Malaria
Dengue
Chikungunya (Togaviridae)
Abrupt onset of fever in early morning and late afternoon
Joint pain that is very debilitating
Flu like symptoms
High IgM
Dx?
Chikungunya
Aedes aegypti
Dengue
Aedes aegypyti and aede albopiticus
Chikungunya
Anopheles
Malaria
Alpha herpesviridae in dorsal root ganglion
Varicella zoster virus
Beta herpesviridae that remains latent in the kidney
Most common post renal transplant virus
CMV
Headache
Fever
Seizure
Behavioral changes
Dx?
Encephalitis
HSV 1
Trigemina ganglia
Transmission: contact (saliva)
10 d.o. neonate
Jaundice
Hepatosplenomegaly
Chorioretinitis
Dx?
Tx?
Congenital CMV
“Blueberry muffin baby”
GANCYCLOVIR
***all herpes virus medication is Acyclovir except CMV)
Most common intrauterine viral infection
CMV
Transmission via body fluids including cervical and vaginal secretions, breast milk
Owls eye appearance - large intranuclear inclusions with enlarged epithelial or mesenchymal cells
Heterophil NEGATIVE mononucleosis
CMV
JC polyomavirus
Demyelination with bizarre giant astrocytes
Viral inclusions in the nucleus of OLIGODENDROCYTES
Progressive Multifocal Encephalopathy
Vesicular lesion
Intensely pruritic
Lesion first appear on the scalp, face or trunk
Centrifugal rash
Varicella
Dew drop on a rose petal appearance
Dermatomal distribution
Shingles
Facial nerve paralysis
Mononuclear infiltration with herpetic intranuclear inclusions
Ramsay hunt syndrome
Cicatrix - zigzag scarring
Atrophy of infected limb
Congenital varicella infected at 6-12 weeks of gestation
16-20weeks of gestation- eye and brain involvement
Generalized lymphadenopathy
Hepatosplenomegaly
Severe pharyngitis with tonsilar enlargement and petechiae at the junction of hard and soft palate
Infectious mononucleosis
HHV 8 infects what cells
B cells
“Kapos8 sarcoma”
AIDS associated B cell lymphoma
Dane particle
Hepatitis B virus
Koilocytic cells
Human papilloma virus
Replicate in EPITHELIAL CELLS of epithelial and mucosal tissue
Warthin-Finkeldey giant cells
Measles
Nagayama spots
Roseola
6th disease
Fever
Coryza
Cough
Conjunctivitis
Generalized maculopapular rash
Dx?
Measles
Koplik spot
Measles enanthem
Deterioration in school performance
Frank dementia
Myoclonic jerks
Cerebellar ataxia
Early measle infection
COWDRY A bodies
Dx?
Subacute Sclerosing Panencephalitis (SSPE)
Painful enlargement of the parotid gland
>2 days
Dx?
Mumps
Perivenous demyelination and perivascular mononuclear CUFFING
Mumps encephalitis
German measles
Rubella virus
Developmental malformation especially cardiovascular and neurologic
IUGR
Congenital cataract
PDA
SALT AND PEPPER RETINOPATHY
BLUEBERRY MUFFIN skin lesion
Congenital Rubella Syndrome
Genus Lyssavirus
Bullet-shaped
Enveloped
Single stranded RNA virus
Rabies
Negri bodies in pyramidal neurons of hippocampus and purkinje cells of cerebellum
Rabies
Acute onset
Fever
Sore throat
Hoarseness
Barking cough
Epiglottitis
Only DNA Hepatitis
Hep B
Hepatitis with defective RNA
Hep D
Hepatitis that causes epidemics
Hep A and E
Ssian genotypes of dengue virus that are frequently associated with severe disease accompanying secndary dengue infections
DEN-2
DEN-3
Pathogenesis of dengue
MACROPHAGE/ MONOCYTE INFECTION
Endothelial cell activation mediates plasma leakage
Herman’s sign
Dengue fever
Dengue grade
Fever + herman’s sign
Grade I
Dengue grade
Herman’s sign + bleeding
Grade II
Dengue grade
Herman’s sign + bleeding + circulatory collapse
Grade III
Dengue grade
Herman’s sign + bleeding + circulatory collapse + shock
Grade IV
Dengue warning signs
Abdominal pain
Persistent vomiting
Clinical fluid accumulation
Mucosal bleed
Lethargy, restless
Liver enlargement >2cm
Inc HCT and dec Platelet
Skin
Hair
Hair
Organism?
TRIchophyton
Skin
HAIR
Organism?
Microsprora
Skin
NAIL
Organism?
EPIdermophyton
Ringworm of scalp
Tinea Capitis
Ringworm of bearded region
Tinea barbae
Ringworm of glabrous skin
Tinea corporis
Jock itch
Tinea cruris
Athlete’s foot
Tinea pedis
Most serious tinea capitis
Tinea favosa / favus
- hairloss and permanent scarring
Trichophyton schoenleinii
Tibea Favus
MCC of outbreaks of Tinea capitis in children
Trichophyton Tonsurans
Main cause of endothrix
Trichophyton tonsurans
Most prevalent systemic mycosis
Candidiasis
Candida albicans
Pseudohyphae
Germ tube
Budding yeast
Oral thrush
Curds of milk
Cottage cheese
Candida albicans
Vaginal pruritus
KOH
Candida
Vaginal pruritus
Sexually transmitted
Wet mount
Trichomonas
CD4 count of 200 to 500
Dx?
Tx?
PTB
Anti-koch
CD4 count of <200
Dx?
Tx?
PCP (jirovecii)
TMP-SMX
CD4 count of <50
Dx?
Tx?
Mycobacterium Avium Cellulare complex (MAC)
Azithromycin or Clarithromycin
Pigeon droppings
Eucalyptus tree
Cryptococcus neoformans
Severe intestinal pneumonia in immunocompromised patients especially AIDS
Pneumocystis carinii/ Jiroveci
Hallmark:
Hypoxemia
Bilateral infiltrate
B1,3 glycan
Silverstain
BAL (Bronchoalveolar lavage)
Pneumocystis carini/ jiroveci
Extreme nocturnal itching
Create TUNNELS
@interdigital webs, wrist, axilla etc
Sarcopetes scabei
Scabies
Extreme nocturnal itching
@ Anus
Pinworm
Enterobius vermicularis
Rose gardener’s disease
CIGAR shaped budding yeast
Flowerette arrangement
Sporothrix schenckii
Packs of cigars
M. lemprey
Dichotomously branching hyphae
Otomycosis
Fungus ball
Aspergillus fumigatus
Black nasal discharge
Immunocompromised
DKA
Fungal infection
Mucormycosis
Complete virus particle
VirION
***conplete virus particle of Hep B = DANE particle
Minor antigenic change
Drift
Major antigenic change
Shift
Epidemic!!
Most virulent serotype of polio virus
Serotype 1
Route of transmission of polio
Fecal-oral route
Cell affected by polio
Anterior Horn cell of spinal cord
Coxsackie B virus causes
Pleurodynia (Bornholm disease)
Myocarditis
Pericarditis
MCC of infantile gastroenteritis
Rotavirus
Principal cause of human disease in rotavirus
Group A
—LBM in infants
Gold standard of Rota virus
Viral culture
Vesicular lesion
Dew drop on a rose petal
Pruritic
Varicella
How to detect multinucleated giant cells in HSV 1, HSV 2 and VZV
Tzank test
Most prominent sign of EBV
Pharyngitis
Lab finding:
Atypical lymphocytes
CD8 T cell predominant
Abnormal liver function
Dx
EBV
Immunodeficiency disorder that results from a T-cell and natural killer cell defect and is characterized by an abnormal response to Epstein-Barr virus infection, leading to liver failure, immunodeficiency, lymphoma, fatal lymphoproliferative disease, or bone marrow aplasia.
X-linked lymphoproliferative syndrome
Early manifestation of infection w/ HIV in adults
Raised, white, corrugated lesions on the tongue
Oral hairy leukoplakia
Rash centriFUGAL/ cephalocaudad
Pruritic
Vesicular/ dew drop on a rose petal
Intranuclear inclusions in epithelial cells
Varicella
Dermatomal distribution
MC in thoracic
Dorsal root ganglion cell necrosis
Varicella zoster
Varicella affects facial nerve of geniculate ganglion
Mononuclear infiltration w herpetic intranuclear inclusion
Ramsay hunt syndrome
Congenital varicella infection at 6-12 weeks of gestation
Interruption in limb development
Cicatrix
Congenital varicella infection at 16-20 weeks of gestation
Eye and brain involvement
MC gene of Mucormycosis
Rhizopus and mucor
Broad
Non septate hyphae
Wider than aspergillus
Branch irregularly
Mucormycosis
Fungual infection which affects people who are Diabetic, with Defect in ohagocytic fx and those with increased levels of FREE IRON (dialysis, multiple drug transfusion, hemochromatosis)
Mucormycosis
Iron chelator for humans but also serves as fungal siderophore, directly deliverinv iron to mucorales
Deferoxamine
Eye or facial pain
Facial numbness
Conjunctival suffusion
Blurry vision
Bilateral proptosis
Chemosis
Ophthalmoplegia
CAVERNUS SINUS THROMBOSIS
Rhino-orbital-cerebral Mucormycosis
MC site of dissemination of Mucormycosis
Brain
Tx of mucormycosis
Ampothericin B
Isovuconazole
Posaconazole
The only common pathogenic protozoa found in DUODENUM & JEJUNUM of humans
Giargia lambia
Backpacker’s diarrhea /fever
Pear shaped
(+) ventral sucking disks
Falling leaf motility
Owl’s eyes
Giardia lambia
Entero-test (String test)
Giargia lambia
Day care center
Refugee camp
Greasy, foul smelling stool
Flatulence
Tx Metronidazole
Giargia lambia
Undulating membrane
Exists only as trophozoite
Does NOT enter to uterus
Frothy yellow or cream colored discharge
Trichomonas vaginalis
Profuse vaginal discharge
Local tenderness
Vulvat pruritus
Jerky TUMBLING motility on fresh mount
Trichomonas vaginalis
Tx of trichomonas
Metronidazole
Family Retroviridae
Subfamily Lentiviruses
Icosahedral structure
Numerous external spikes
2 envelopes
Gp120 -external, high affinity to CD4
Gp41 - transmembrane
HIV- AIDS
4 retroviruses known to cause human disease
HTLV 1
HTLV 2
HIV 1 - MC world wide (chimpanzee)
HIV 2 - west africa
Higest probability or risk per act of acquiring HIV
Receptive anal intercourse
Profound immunodeficiency due to progressive quantitative and qualitative deficiency of helper T cells
HIV-AIDS
CD4 count of <200 cells/uL or <15%
AIDS
Stage 4 in WHO
Stage 3 in CDC
Tx for Cryptococcus
CD4 <50
Fluconazole
Tx for Histoplasmosis
Itraconazole
Tx for varicella zoster
Varicella zoster immune globulin / Acyclovir
MC associated with dental carries
Steptococcus mutans
Cam be part of normal vaginal flora and can cause meningitis in newborns
Group B streptococcus
