prevention of disease transmission and environmental health and safety

Question 1

what are the modes of transmission

Answer 1

direct transmission
- pathogens are spread through person to person contact

indirect transmission
- pathogens are transmitted to an object then transferred to another person who touches those objects

airborne transmission
- spread of disease through droplets of moisture containing bacteria or viruses

parenteral transmission
- transmission through the skin from a cut

bloode-borne transmission
- transmission that occurs through direct or indirect contact with blood

food and water transmission
- transmitted by contaminated food that has not been cooked or refrigerated properly

fecal-oral transmission
- transmitted by touching another person or through contact with contaminated food or surfaces

Question 2

types of viruses and bacterias, and illnesses that could be caused by each

Answer 2

coccus (sphere)
- cocci can divide into two and create chains (streptococci), can cause pharyngitis, tonsilitis, pneumonia
- cocci that form irregular shapes are stphylococci, causes boils and skin infections

bacilli (rod)
- can cause tuberculosis

spirochetes (spirals)
- can cause lyme disease, syphilis

viruses are smaller bacterias

Question 3

what are types of sterilizers

Answer 3

autoclave - creates steam to produce moist heat that kills organisms

chemical vapour sterilization - like autoclaving, but with a combination of chemicals

dry heat sterilization - heats up the air and transfers that hear from air to instruments

ethylene oxide sterilization - uses ethylene gas to sterilize instruments

Question 4

types of disinfectants

Answer 4

iodophers
- intermediate-level disinfectants with tuberculocidal action
- 5-10 minutes

syntehtic phenol compounds
- intermediate level disinfectant
- can be used as a holding solution
- 10 mins

sodium hypochlorite
- intermediate level disinfectant
- no longer used in dental clinic

Question 5

types of immersion sterilants

Answer 5

glutaraldehyde
- high level disinfectant and sterilant
- 10 to 90 mins disinfectant
- 10 hours sterilant

chlorine dioxide
- high level disinfectant or sterilant
- 3 min disinfectant
- 6 hours sterilant

ortho-phthalaldehyde
- high level disinfectant and sterilant
- 12 min disinfectant
- more than 30 hours for sterilization

Question 6

what are process indicators

Answer 6

• placed outside of instrument packages
• indentify instrument packs that have been exposed to a certain temp

Question 7

what are process integrators

Answer 7

• placed inside instrument packages
• respond to pressure, temp and time

Question 8

what does biolgoic monitoring do and what forms are there

Answer 8

• spore testing determines whether sterilization has occurred and confirms that all bacteria and endospores have been killed
• can be vials or strips

Question 9

packaging materials

Answer 9

paper wraps, nylon tubing, paper/plastic peel, cloth, cassettes

Question 10

chain of infection

Answer 10

• virulence, number of microorganisms, susceptible host, portal of entry should be present all at once

transmission
portal of entry
susceptible host
infectious agent
reservoir
portal of exit

Question 11

what is WHMIS

Answer 11

• workplace hazardous materials information system
• classifies hazardous information through labels

Question 12

what are the types of waste

Answer 12

general waste - nonhazardous and non-regulated

contaminated waste - waste that has contact with blood of other body fluids

hazardous waste - waste that poses a risk to human beings and environment