Prevention and intervention Flashcards
Define primary, secondary and tertiary prevention?
Primary- intervention implemented before evidence of disease or injury
Secondary- intervention implemented after disease begun, before symptomatic
Tertiary- intervention implemented after disease/injury established
Define primary intervention?
Intent
Example
Primary- intervention implemented before evidence of disease or injury
Reduce/eliminate causative risk factors (risk reduction)
Prevent addiction
Prevent pregnancy
Define secondary intervention?
Intent
Example
Secondary- intervention implemented after disease begun, before symptomatic
Early identification- screening
Screen pregnant women
What type prevention is screening?
Secondary
Define tertiary intervention?
Intent
Example
Tertiary- intervention implemented after disease/injury established
Prevent things worse
Treat addicted women
State 3 health promotion campaigns?
Change 4 life
Cervical smear screening
MMR vaccine
Smoking
State 2 different prevention approaches?
High risk groups
Population approach
Explain prevention approach- high risk
Target high risk individuals
Treat those sit outside ‘normal lvls’
issues- expense
- affluent more likely benefit- engage, comply, able change
lifestyle
Explain population approach?
Target all individuals
Reduce social inequality
Low risk majority contribute most cases
Issue- overtreating, nanny state
What are 2 levels of intervention?
Population lvl
Individual lvl
Explain nuffield ladder of interventions?
Do nothing- monitor the situation
Provide information- inform and educate
Enable choice- enable people to change their behaviours
Guide choice through changing the default- make healthier choices the default option
Guide choice through incentives- use of financial or other incentives to guide people to pursue certain activities
Guide choice through disincentives – use financial or other disincentives to guide people not to peruse certain activities
Restrict choice – regulate the options available to people
Eliminate choice – regulate to eliminate option entirely
State 3 intervention methods?
Social marketing
Financial
Nudge theory- change environment- healthy easiest
Define primary prevention?
Prevention disease in people who not been diagnosed as having disease
Include health promotion
Define population approach?
Aim loert lvl risk in population
Define tertiary prevention?
Aim reduce impact disease and promote QOL through active rehabiltation
Already have disease
Define prevention paradox?
Preventative measure bring benefit to some may offer little to each participating individual
eg. salt reduction v treatment high bp
Define absolute risk?
Define relative risk?
Absolute- probability of event or developing disease within stated
time period
Relative risk- probability of event or developing disease relative exposure
State 3 theories of behavioural change?
Transtheoretical model (1984)
Health belief model (Becker 1974)
Theory of planned behaviour (Azjen 1988)
Explain transtheoretical model?
When?
Example?
1984
1) Precontemplation- not thinking
2) Contemplation- thinking about changing
3) Preparation- serious commitment
4) Action- behaviour initiated
5) Maintenance- sustain
6) Stable or relapse
Smoking
Explain health belief model?
Who came up with it?
Becker 1974
Individuals must believe:
1) Susceptibility- they are susceptible to the condition
2) Severity- it has serious consequences
3) Benefits- that taking action reduces their risks
4) Benefit- that the benefits of taking action outweigh the costs
Explain theory planned behaviour?
Who
When
Azjen and fishbein 1980
The best predictor of behaviour is intention
Determined by;
Attitude towards the behaviour
Perceived social pressure/subjective norm
Persons appraisal of their ability to perform the behaviour /their perceived behavioural control
Barriers to action – fear, time, cost, stigma etc.
The model thus predicts that a person is more likely to change behaviour if they believe the behaviour will improve their health, is socially desirable and there is social pressure to change, and that they feel they have personal control over the behaviour and the ability to change
Explain the social cognitive theory?
Relationship between ppl and env
Social and env influence on actions
Smoking, role models
Why do Individuals continue to practice health damaging behaviour?
Inaccurate perceptions of risk and susceptibility
Perceptions influenced by;
Lack of personal experience
Belief that preventable by personal action
Belief that if it hasn’t happened by no, it’s not likely to
Belief that problem is infrequent
Health beliefs
Situational rationality
Culture variability
Socioeconomic factors
Stress
Age
