Ethics COPY

Question 1

Define ethics?

Answer 1

Attempt to arrive understanding of nature of human values
How ought to live

Question 2

Explain top down and bottom up inductive?

Answer 2

Top down- one theory applied each problem
Bottom up- use past medical problems to create guides to practise

Question 3

Define morality?

Answer 3

Concern distinction between good and evil, right and wrong

Question 4

Define ethics?

Answer 4

System moral principles & branch of philosophy

Question 5

Explain doctrine of dual effect?

Answer 5

Harmful inseparable from good
Morally good despite morally bad side-effect, it’s ethically OK to do it providing the bad side-effect wasn’t intended

Question 6

Define:
Metaethics
Normative ethics
Applied ethics

Answer 6

Metaethics- nature ethics and moral reasoning
Normative- focus on act itself
Applied ethics- ethical investigation specific areas

Question 7

Define ad hominem?

Answer 7

Respond arguments by attacking persons character not argument

Question 8

Define authority claims?

Answer 8

Say correct when someone says so

Question 9

Define begging the question?

Answer 9

Assume conclusion without proof/evidence

Question 10

Define dissenters?

Answer 10

Identify those who disagree- doesn’t prove claim isn’t valid

Question 11

Define motherhoods?

Answer 11

Insert soft statement to disguise disputable one

Question 12

When stimulated introduction of ethics teaching?

Answer 12

Pond report 1986

Question 13

State 3 reasons when confidentiality may be compromised?

Answer 13

1) Required by law- notifiable disease, reg bodies, judge/police
2) Public interest- serious communicable disease, serious crime

Question 14

State 4 criteria for disclosure?

Answer 14

Anonymous
Patient consent
Kept to necessary minimum
Meet current law- data protection

Question 15

State 3 notifiable disease reported to WHO?

Answer 15

Cholera
Yellow fever
Plague

Question 16

State key factors GMC ‘Duties of a doctor’?

Answer 16

1) Protect and promote health of patients and public
2) Provide good standard of practice and care
3) Recognise and work within limits of competence
4) Work with colleagues in ways that serve patients’ interests
5) Treat patients as individuals and respect their dignity

Deontological- abide rules

Question 17

When was tomorrow’shed? doctors publis

Answer 17

2009- GMC

Question 18

What are 4 pillars of ethics?

Answer 18

Autonomy- allow patient make rational decisions if capacity
- obligation respect
Beneficence- do right thing benefit other
- balance risk again benefits
Non-maleficence- prevent/reduce harm, do no harm
Justice- being fair in distribution of risks and benefits
- need V benefit

Question 19

Explain utilitarianism?

Answer 19

Maximise good and minimise harm
Act- judge goodness conseq, kill one to save many
Rule- actions moral- conform to rules lead greatest good
Hedonistic- max pleasure, min pain

Question 20

Explain deontology?

Answer 20

Actions are good or bad according to a clear set of rules

Question 21

Explain virtue ethics? State 5 focal virtues?

Answer 21

Focus character person and internal morality rather than individual acts
Genuine intend do right thing

5 Focal Virtues:
1) Compassion
2) Discernment
3) Trustworthiness
4) Integrity
5) Conscientiousness

Question 22

Define kantianism?

Answer 22

Judge morality of action based on action adherence to rules
Kant, an action is morally good if it is determined by a principle of pure reason, irrespective of the consequences

Question 23

Difference between kantianism and utalitarism?

Answer 23

Utilitarianism- action is right if and only if it produces the best possible consequences
Kant- action morally good if determined by principle of pure reason, irrespective of the consequences