Ethics COPY Flashcards
Define ethics?
Attempt to arrive understanding of nature of human values
How ought to live
Explain top down and bottom up inductive?
Top down- one theory applied each problem
Bottom up- use past medical problems to create guides to practise
Define morality?
Concern distinction between good and evil, right and wrong
Define ethics?
System moral principles & branch of philosophy
Explain doctrine of dual effect?
Harmful inseparable from good
Morally good despite morally bad side-effect, it’s ethically OK to do it providing the bad side-effect wasn’t intended
Define:
Metaethics
Normative ethics
Applied ethics
Metaethics- nature ethics and moral reasoning
Normative- focus on act itself
Applied ethics- ethical investigation specific areas
Define ad hominem?
Respond arguments by attacking persons character not argument
Define authority claims?
Say correct when someone says so
Define begging the question?
Assume conclusion without proof/evidence
Define dissenters?
Identify those who disagree- doesn’t prove claim isn’t valid
Define motherhoods?
Insert soft statement to disguise disputable one
When stimulated introduction of ethics teaching?
Pond report 1986
State 3 reasons when confidentiality may be compromised?
1) Required by law- notifiable disease, reg bodies, judge/police
2) Public interest- serious communicable disease, serious crime
State 4 criteria for disclosure?
Anonymous
Patient consent
Kept to necessary minimum
Meet current law- data protection
State 3 notifiable disease reported to WHO?
Cholera
Yellow fever
Plague
State key factors GMC ‘Duties of a doctor’?
1) Protect and promote health of patients and public
2) Provide good standard of practice and care
3) Recognise and work within limits of competence
4) Work with colleagues in ways that serve patients’ interests
5) Treat patients as individuals and respect their dignity
Deontological- abide rules
When was tomorrow’shed? doctors publis
2009- GMC
What are 4 pillars of ethics?
Autonomy- allow patient make rational decisions if capacity
- obligation respect
Beneficence- do right thing benefit other
- balance risk again benefits
Non-maleficence- prevent/reduce harm, do no harm
Justice- being fair in distribution of risks and benefits
- need V benefit
Explain utilitarianism?
Maximise good and minimise harm
Act- judge goodness conseq, kill one to save many
Rule- actions moral- conform to rules lead greatest good
Hedonistic- max pleasure, min pain
Explain deontology?
Actions are good or bad according to a clear set of rules
Explain virtue ethics? State 5 focal virtues?
Focus character person and internal morality rather than individual acts
Genuine intend do right thing
5 Focal Virtues:
1) Compassion
2) Discernment
3) Trustworthiness
4) Integrity
5) Conscientiousness
Define kantianism?
Judge morality of action based on action adherence to rules
Kant, an action is morally good if it is determined by a principle of pure reason, irrespective of the consequences
Difference between kantianism and utalitarism?
Utilitarianism- action is right if and only if it produces the best possible consequences
Kant- action morally good if determined by principle of pure reason, irrespective of the consequences
