Health inequality

Question 1

State 4 theories of causation of inequalities?

Answer 1

Psycosocial
Neo-material
Life course
Proportional Universalism

Question 2

Explain psycosocial causation illness?

Answer 2

Stress- inability respond efficiently to body’s demands

Question 3

State 3 impacts stress has on biology?

Answer 3

Impact BP
Cortisol lvls
Inflammatory and neuroendocrine marker

Question 4

Explain neo material theory of causation?

Answer 4

More hierarchial society- less willing invest public goods
Poorer ppl less

Question 5

Explain life course theory of causation?

Answer 5

Combination psychosocial and neo material
Critical periods possess greater impact- childhood
Accumulation- hazards and impacts add up
Interaction and pathway- sexual abuse childhood- poor partener choice

Question 6

Explain theory proportional universalism inequality?

Answer 6

Action must universal
If only focus on disadvantaged won’t reduce inequality
Scaled proportional
Fair distribution wealth

Question 7

State 3 responses to health inequalities (report)?

Answer 7

Ignacz Semmelweis (1847)- campaign hand washing
Black report (1980)- diff mortality, lower social higher mortality
Acheson report (1988)- income inequality should reduced
- priority to family with children
- any policy- evaluate how effect inequality

Question 8

Explain Black report?
When?

Answer 8

1980
1) Artefact- product inequality
2) Material- env causes
3) Cultural/behavioural- poorer ppl behave unhealthy ways
4) Social selection- sick ppl sink socially and economically

Black Report found materialist explanations to be the most important in explaining social class differences in health.
Poverty exposes people to health hazards. Disadvantaged people are more likely to live in areas where they are exposed to harm such as air-pollution and damp housing

Question 9

Who campaigned for handwashing?

Answer 9

Ignacz Semmelweis

Question 10

Define loewy approach?
Define efficiency approach?

Answer 10

Loewy- select few from all treatment options
Efficiency- more cheapest, ignore expensive

Question 11

Explain economic efficenecy?

Answer 11

Resources allocated- max benefit
Economic evaluation- method used assess whether health maximised

Question 12

What are QALYs?

Answer 12

Quality adjusted life years
Combine length and QOL
Compare interventions- diff effects
Used funding decisions

Question 13

What does economic evaluation measure?

Answer 13

Economic efficiency- whether benefit maximised
Are incremental benefits new treatment worth incremental costs?

Question 14

Answer 14

Question 15

State primary intervention coronary heart disease?

Answer 15

Lifestyle change
SNAP
Smoking
Nutrition
Alcohol
Physical activity

Question 16

State 3 risk factors for CHD for:
Unmodifiable
Clinical
Psycological
Lifestyle

Answer 16

Unmodifiable- sex, age, ethnicity, family history
Clinical- high blood chol, hypertension
Psycological- depression, anxiety, work
Lifestyle- smoking (biggest), poor nutrition, physical inactivity

Question 17

What is biggest risk factor for CHD?

Answer 17

Smoking

Question 18

List 3 risk factors of stroke?

Answer 18

Age and sex
Hypertension
Smoking

Question 19

List 3 classifications of stroke?

Answer 19

Thrombosis
Embolism
Haemorrage

Question 20

What are phases of pandemic?

Answer 20

Phases 1-3 – mostly animal infections with few human infections
Phase 4 – sustained human to human transmission
Phases 5-6 – widespread human infection
Post-peak – possibility of recurrent events
Post-pandemic –disease returns to seasonal levels

Question 21

Define mental health (WHO)?

Answer 21

State of well-being in which the individual realises his/her own abilities can cope with the normal stresses of life
Can work productively and fruitfully and is able to make a contribution to his/her society

Question 22

State 3 common mental health problems?

Answer 22

Depression
OCD
PTSD

Question 23

What is chronic kidney disease?

Answer 23

Long term kidney damage- reduced glomerular filtrate rate

Question 24

How many stage in chronic kidney disease?

Answer 24

5 stage- 5 need dialysis

Question 25

State 3 causes chronic kidney disease?
State 3 risk factors chronic kidney disease?

Answer 25

Causes- diabetes. hypertension, drug toxicity
Risk factors- obesity, diabetes, ageing