Prescribers of Medication + anatomy + diseases Flashcards
1
Q
What is included in the upper respiratory system?
A
These structures are the nose, sinuses (nasal cavities), throat, and larynx (voice box)
2
Q
How do nasal decongestants work?
A
These medications constrict the arterioles (a small branch of an artery leading into capillaries) in the nose, thereby reducing blood flow in the engorged area.
3
Q
What are arterioles?
A
a small branch of an artery leading into capillaries) in the nose
4
Q
What exactly is congestion?
A
Nasal passages usually due to membranes lining the nose becoming swollen from inflamed blood vessels.
5
Q
What is given to reduce nasal (upper respiratory congestion?)
A
corticosteroids (any of a group of steroid hormones produced in the adrenal cortex or made synthare used as anti-inflammatories to manage the stuffiness. They’re used alone or with nasal decongestants. Nasal decongestants and corticosteroids are dispensed as nasal sprays.
etically)
6
Q
What is a “common cold” exactly?
A
a diffuse upper respiratory tract infection caused by different types of viruses. It’s transmitted between individuals through droplets from one respiratory tract to another.
7
Q
What type of medications are normally prescribed for common colds?
A
remedies usually contain decongestants to relieve nasal stuffiness and sinus congestion and antihistamines to dry the nasal and sinus tissues. Some preparations also contain pain relievers to reduce pain in the sinus cavities.
8
Q
What is an antihistamine
A
An antihistamine is a type of pharmaceutical drug that opposes the activity of histamine receptors in the body
(Cough preparations may also contain antihistamines that dry up secretions, decongestants that reduce swelling in the nasal passages, and flavoring to improve the taste.)
9
Q
What are 5 common antihistamines?
A
Chlor-Trimeton, Benadryl, Bromfed, Tavist, NyQuil Cold/Flu Multi-symptom Relief
10
Q
What are 3 common decongestants
A
Afrin, a nasal decongestant spray
Sudafed, or pseudophedrine tablets
Beconase, a corticosteroid nasal spray
11
Q
What is the medical term for a runny nose or nasal discharge?
A
rhinorrhea
12
Q
What is Atrovent?
A
Atrovent (ipratropium) is a bronchodilator that relaxes muscles in the airways and increases air flow to the lungs.
13
Q
What is bronchospasm?
A
narrowing airways in the lungs, in people with bronchitis, emphysema, or COPD (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease).
14
Q
What is the lower respiratory system include of?
A
the lower respiratory tract include the windpipe (trachea) and within the lungs, the bronchi, bronchioles, and alveoli
15
Q
where does coughing usually occur?
A
In the lower respiratory tract in deeper breathing structures.
16
Q
What is the most effective agent that can cure coughing?
What is 2nd most popular?
A
codeine and Hydrocodone (they are prescription only NOT OTC)
17
Q
What are Expectorants?
A
a medicine that promotes the secretion of sputum by the air passages, used especially to treat coughs.
(Many cough syrup preparations contain expectorants that increase and liquefy (make liquid) the mucous secretions in the respiratory tract, making it easier for the patient to cough up the mucous.)
18
Q
What form are cough suppressants given in?
A
syrups and elixirs (aqueous vehicles of water and alcohol )
19
Q
What is Asthma?
A
a respiratory condition marked by spasms in the bronchi of the lungs, causing difficulty in breathing. It usually results from an allergic reaction or other forms of hypersensitivity.
20
Q
What are 3 common cough preparations?
A
Robitussin (guaifenesin)
• Mucinex (guaifenesin)
• Cheracol cough syrup (codeine and guaifenesin)
21
Q
A person with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) can also have what?
A
chronic bronchitis, emphysema, or other lung disorders.
22
Q
What are some common drugs that are used to treat lower respiratory system disorders?
A
anticholinergics, corticosteroids, and antileukotrienes.
23
Q
What do beta agonists and the anticholinergics do?
A
they work by helping the muscles that are wrapped around the airways to relax.
24
Q
corticosteroids and antileukotrienes
A
are anti-inflammatory drugs, which work by reducing swelling and by limiting the production of thick mucous in the airways.
25
How many medications can be prescribed together when helping a patients breathing? (respiratory system)
2
26
What are Bronchodilators (inhailer) and what are they used for ?
used to dilate and open the airway to allow better air intake and breathing. They’re usually sprayed into the mouth from a small canister and inhaled. These bronchodilators act immediately, and quickly relax the tightened muscles in the airway to allow better air flow. Some bronchodilators are taken as pills to produce longer-lasting effects.
27
Name 4 short acting & short term Bronchodilators
Proventil and Ventolin (albuterol)
Maxair Autoinhaler (pirbuterol)
Serevent (salmeterol)
Foradil (formoterol)
28
How is long term asthma relief given and how does it work?
Long-term asthma relief is often provided by inhaled corticosteroids, which reduce swelling of the affected airways.
29
What is Theophylline and what does it treat?
A drug called theophylline is sometimes used to treat more serious or long-term lung diseases, such as emphysema and chronic bronchitis. Theophylline causes the muscles in the airways to relax, making it easier to breathe. It may be given in an intravenous solution, in tablet form, or in a syrup.
30
Name 3 common theophylline drugs that will be prescribed for pulmonary disease.
Uniphyl
Theo-24
Quibron-T
31
What is Nebulizer therapy?
Asthma and other lung diseases may also be treated with nebulizer therapy. A nebulizer is a machine that pumps air through a liquid medicine, turning the medicine into a mist or vapor. The vaporized medicine is transferred through plastic tubing to an inhaler, where it’s then inhaled by the patient. The nebulizer makes it easier for a patient to inhale medicine into the lungs, and is therefore especially useful for patients who are weak or have difficulty breathing. Nebulizers are often prescribed for infants, children, and elderly patients with breathing problems. Note that the nebulizer is only a machine, not the medicine itself. The patient will receive a separate prescription from his or her doctor for a medication to use in the nebulizer.
32
What can cause infections?
Pathogenic bacteria, viruses, fungi, and other microbial organisms can cause infections.
33
What is an antibiotic ?
An antibiotic is a chemical compound that either kills or inhibits the growth of microorganisms, such as bacteria and fungi.
Depending on the type of infection the patient has, the physician will prescribe a specific antibacterial, antiviral, or antifungal medication in an attempt to eradicate the particular infectious organism.
34
What are 3 common medications that can be prescribed for some forms of pneumonia?
Amoxicillin and cephalosporins
Clarithromycin, azithromycin, doxycycline, clindamycin
Fluoroquinolones (moxifloxacin, gatifloxacin, levofloxacin)
35
What is the anti-infective drug metronidazole (brand names Flagyl and Rozex) can be prescribed for?
yeast infections, peptic ulcer disease, gingivitis (a gum disease), and certain skin infections.
36
What are 3 common medications used to treat systemic fungal infections?
* Nizoral tablets
* Diflucan tablets
* Sporanox tablets
37
What is a systemic fungal infection?
A fungal infection that affects the whole body and not just one part.
38
What is the antibiotic tetracycline commonly used for treating ?
infections of the respiratory tract, sinuses, middle ear, urinary tract, and intestines. However, it’s not used as often as it was in the past because some microorganisms have developed resistance to it (which means that the drug is no longer effective against the infection). Tetracycline is still an effective drug in many situations, though.
39
What is an allergist?
The allergist is a doctor who specializes in diagnosing and treating allergic reactions. One of the most common allergic reactions is hay fever.
40
How does someone have allergic reactions or hay fever? What causes it and what happens within the body etc.
Hay fever allergy results in unpleasant symptoms such as a runny nose, a red and swollen nose, hives (itchy patches on the skin), puffy and teary eyes, and sneezing. Hay fever, in a susceptible individual, is caused by a reaction of a foreign substance such as grass or tree pollen with a specific protein in the body (called an antibody) to produce the symptoms. The reaction acts to release a very irritating substance from blood cells called histamine, which causes all the effects described. Therefore, the common treatment for hay fever is to use antihistamines to block or prevent the effects of histamine.
41
What is the medical term for nondrowsy antihistamines?
nonsedating antihistamines
42
List 6 common medications used for hay fever and other allergies.
```
Astelin
• Allegra and Alavert
• Benadryl capsules and elixir
• Hismanal tablets
• Claritin and Clarinex tablets
• Zyrtec tablets
```
43
What is Staphylococcus?
a Pathogenic bacteria, Staphylococcus (is a genus of gram-positive bacteria) genus are the most common causative agents in skin infections. Once the dermatologist makes the diagnosis of infection, antibiotic ointments are prescribed to eradicate the organism.
44
What is a common systemic corticosteroid that’s prescribed by dermatologists
prednisone (a synthetic drug similar to cortisone, used to relieve rheumatic and allergic conditions and to treat leukemia.)
45
What are Fungal infections?
Fungal infections occur both in the skin and the nails, and in mucocutaneous tissues such as the oral cavity and vagina. Fungal infections of the skin and nails are treated with a combination of topical antifungal creams and antifungal systemic tablets.
46
What are Mucocutaneous fungal infections?
Mucocutaneous fungal infections are caused by an organism called Candida albicans. This is a yeast-like fungus normally present on the skin and mucous membranes of the mouth, gastrointestinal tract, and vaginal areas.
47
What are Rheumatologists?
Rheumatologists are doctors who diagnose and treat diseases of the joints, muscles, and bones. Rheumatologists commonly treat arthritis, certain autoimmune diseases (such as lupus and fibromyalgia), tendonitis, gout, and osteoporosis.
48
What is Rheumatoid arthritis?
Rheumatoid arthritis is a painful disorder characterized by inflammation of the joints and bones, with destructive effects on cartilage and bone tissue. Major symptoms are prolonged morning stiffness, pain on motion, and tenderness and swelling of joints. Rheumatoid arthritis is considered to be a systemic disease in that many joints are affected at the same time, and also because it may have effects on other body parts (such as the lungs and kidneys).
49
What is Gouty arthritis?
Gouty arthritis, or simply gout, is caused by high levels of uric acid in the blood. This is caused by underlying metabolic diseases in the individual, and may be affected partly by diet. If uric acid crystals form, they can be deposited in the joints, eventually resulting in inflammation. Attacks of gouty arthritis result in pain and stiffness, frequently in the big toe.
50
Osteoarthritis
Osteoarthritis is characterized as a more specific form of arthritis because fewer joints are involved. It usually affects the knee joints, hip joints, and finger joints, and is associated with degeneration and distortion of the joint itself. Osteoarthritis can occur from both ordinary aging and simple strain and overuse of the joints (for example, in sports). Osteoarthritis can occur in anyone with a joint strain or injury (even young athletes) but is still most common in older people.
51
How does Arthritis medications reduce pain?
Arthritis is non-curable and the medications just reduce swelling and inflammation in the joints to relieve pain and prevent permanent damage.
52
What kind of medication do Rheumatologists prescribe?
Rheumatologists prescribe both pain killers and anit-inflammatory medications (combinations of them)
53
What are Ophthalmologists?
are doctors who specialize in diagnosing and treating diseases of the eye.
54
What is Glaucoma ?
Glaucoma is a condition in which fluid builds up inside the eye, causing pressure on the optic nerve.
55
How are eye infections often treated?
Most infections of the eyelids and conjunctiva aren’t serious and are eradicated in a very short period of time by eyedrops containing the proper antibacterial agent to kill the causative organism. The most common organism causing eye infections is Staphylococcus aureus.
56
What kind of medications and what sizes are they prescribed in?
The ophthalmologist prescribes these drugs either as ophthalmic sterile ointments that come prepackaged in a 3.5 gram (g) tube or as antibiotics in eyedrops that come prepackaged in either 2.5 ml, 5 ml, or 15 ml plastic squeeze bottles. The ointments, being in such a small tube, are usually dispensed by placing the small tube in a larger box and putting the label on the box. The plastic squeeze bottles are usually placed inside a plastic prescription vial with the label placed on the vial.
57
What are 2 common glaucoma medications?
* Timoptic Ocudose (eyedrop dispenser)
| * Isopto Carpine eyedrops
58
What are 2 common eye infection medications?
* Isopto Cetamide drops
| * Vasosulf drops
59
What are Endocrinologists?
Endocrinologists are doctors who diagnose and treat disorders of the endocrine system. These disorders are known as glandular diseases because the endocrine system is composed of different glands that secrete hormones. Lack of hormonal production and secretion by specific glands causes some major disorders of the endocrine system.
60
What actually is diabetes?
The lack of insulin production or secretion from the pancreas is known as diabetes. ( Insulin ordinarily is the hormone responsible for the proper utilization of blood sugar by cells in the body. Without insulin, the sugar in the blood doesn’t get into cells, and the blood sugar level rises and eventually spills over into the urine. Urinary detection of sugar is a sure diagnostic sign of diabetes. Diabetes mellitus is classified as either insulin-dependent diabetes (IDDM Type I) or noninsulin-dependent diabetes (NIDDM Type II). IDDM was formerly called juvenile diabetes because the age of onset was predominantly before adulthood )
61
What is NIDDM?
maturity onset or adult onset diabetes - In this form of diabetes, insulin is produced by the pancreas but isn’t secreted by the gland. Thus, it isn’t available in the blood to utilize the blood sugar. Medicines called oral hypoglycemics are used to treat this form of diabetes to stimulate the pancreatic secretion of insulin.
62
thyroid disorder.
The lack of thyroid hormone production and secretion from the thyroid gland. Thyroid hormone principally affects metabolism, growth, and development.
63
What is Hypothyroidism?
Hypothyroidism is the condition in which thyroid hormone production by the thyroid gland is diminished. Symptoms are tiredness, intolerance to cold, irritability, a sleepy appearance, and dry rough skin. (The treatment is thyroid replacement therapy using either thyroid hormones isolated from the thyroid glands of animals (thyroid tablets), a preparation called thyroglobulin (Proloid), or a synthetic thyroid hormone, such as Synthroid.)
64
What are 3 common medications prescribed for Thyroid disorders?
* Thyroid tablets
* Synthroid tablets
* Levoxyl (levothyroxine sodium) tablets
65
What is birth control consists of?
Oral contraceptives (not just limited to oral, there are insertive, and injections) generally contain various combinations and strengths of the hormones estrogen and progestin, or progestin only.
66
What is endometriosis?
the endometrium (the inner lining of the uterus) grows abnormally, and can cause pelvic pain, severe bleeding, and infertility. Oral contraceptives are often prescribed to relieve the symptoms of endometriosis. Birth control can be used to treat symptoms from other diseases and not just to prevent pregnancy.
67
What is polycystic ovary syndrome?
an endocrine disorder involving the ovaries
68
dysmenorrhea
severe painful menstration
69
What is the drug ethinyl estradiol or EE and what can you normally find it in?
(a synthetic form of estrogen) is used in almost all modern oral contraceptives.
70
What is menopause?
The lack of estrogen production from the ovaries of middle-aged females is known as menopause.
71
The hormonal changes associated with menopause can also contribute to......
osteoporosis (bone loss that can lead to fractures) and may cause vasomotor symptoms of “hot flashes” (a sensation of heightened body temperature, often accompanied by sweating). Mild depression may also accompany menopause in some women.
72
What to people commonly take to prevent the bone loss related to osteoporosis instead of taking prescription medications?
Supplements of calcium and vitamin D
73
What are Gastroenterologists?
Gastroenterologists are doctors who specialize in the treatment of disorders of the gastrointestinal tract, which includes the esophagus (stomach tube), stomach, intestines, and lower bowel.
74
What is one of the important esophageal disorders that responds to drug treatment?
reflux esophagitis or gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) commonly known as heartburn, stomach acid spills up into the stomach tube and causes a burning sensation that’s felt in the chest region. In extreme cases, the chest pain from GERD may be severe enough to make patients feel like they’re having a heart attack. Repeated spills of stomach acid into the esophagus can eventually cause permanent damage to the area.
75
What kind of medication can be taken for GERD?
There are several types of medicines available to treat GERD and related gastrointestinal illnesses. Antacids that contain magnesium, aluminum, or calcium carbonate are taken shortly after eating a meal, and can help to neutralize the acid produced by the stomach. Antacids are generally available over-the-counter. Some common antacid brands include:
* Tums
* Maalox
* Mylanta
76
What is the drug called that reduces stomach acid?
H2 receptor antagonists.
The phrase H2 stands for the histamine “type two” receptor that’s responsible for releasing acid from the stomach. When this receptor is blocked by any of the drugs just mentioned, acid secretion is reduced and the esophageal burning disappears.
77
The following drugs are the most important H2 antagonists prescribed by gastroenterologists for the relief of heartburn:
(4, 2x2)
* Ranitidine, or Zantac
* Cimetidine, or Tagamet
* Famotidine, or Pepcid
* Nizatidine, or Axid
**Note that these drugs are available over-the-counter, without a prescription.**
78
what are proton pump inhibitors (PPIs)?
These drugs work by binding to the cells that produce gastric acid in the stomach, and rendering them useless.
79
Name 4 PPI drugs
These medicines are usually taken once per day, and include the following:
* Prilosec and Prilosec OTC
* Nexium • Aciphex or Pariet
* Protonix
* Prevacid
80
What is a peptic ulcer?
Another common disease of the gastrointestinal system is the peptic ulcer. A peptic ulcer is an open lesion (a sore or hole) that appears in the lining of the lower esophagus, stomach, or intestines. Because this type of ulcer is located in areas near stomach acids, they can be extremely painful.
81
What are peptic ulcers caused by ?
it’s now known that most peptic ulcers are caused by an infection of the bacteria called Helicobacter pylori. (These bacteria seem to be able to survive 28 Prescribers of Drugs in the acid environment of the stomach, and can cause the destruction of areas of the stomach wall that results in bleeding ulcers. Eradication of this bacteria has been shown to cure these ulcers. It’s been demonstrated that certain antibiotics (such as the drug clarithromycin, or Biaxin) in combination with acid reducers can kill or control the growth of the H. pylori bacteria.)
82
Name 4 common Peptic ulcer medications:
The following combination of drugs is prescribed to reduce the symptoms of gastric ulcer and even cure the gastric ulcer when they’re given at the same time:
* Biaxin tablets
* Prilosec capsules
* Zantac tablets
* Pepto-Bismol liquid
83
What are Urologists?
Urologists treat diseases of the urinary tract, which includes the kidneys (the organs that form urine), the ureters (the tubes that convey urine to the bladder), and the urethra (the structure that drains the urine to the outside of the body). Urology is also a surgical specialty. Certification by the American Board of Urology requires three years of approved postgraduate training followed by two years of urological practice. Certification is approved upon passing the written and oral examinations. Urologists treat both men and women for kidney and bladder stones, cancers of the urinary system, conditions related to infertility, and any other diseases or infections of the urinary system.
84
What is cystitis?
Stones, tumors, congenital conditions, or injuries to the urinary system may produce urinary stagnation that invites infection in the urethra
85
What are some common cystitis medicaions or methods of treatment?
Primary drugs include amoxicillin, ampicillin, ciprofloxacin, tetracyclines, sulfonamides, and combination products containing trimethoprim and sulfamethoxazole (such as Bactrim or Septra).
86
The following agents are active against common urinary tract pathogens and, because they’re concentrated in the urine, have been classified as urinary tract antiseptics: (3)
* Nitrofurantoin (Furadantin, Macrodantin)
* Nalidixic acid (NegGram)
* Methenamine (Mandelamine)
87
Name 3 common Sulfa drugs
* Bactrim
* Septra
* Ciprofloxacin
88
What are some common medications used to treat benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) AKA enlarged prostate gland?
* Prazosin or Minipress
* Flomax
* Proscar
