Compounding of sterile products

Question 1

define parenteral

Answer 1

refers to inject-able medications and fluids

Question 2

name 4 types of different injectable routes and the degree angle which they are administered

Answer 2

IM (90 degree angle) , SC or SQ (45 degree angle), ID (10 to 15 degree angle) , IV (in the vein)

Question 3

name the 4 layers of skin (starting from the top to deep)

Answer 3

1) epidermis 2)dermis 3)subcutaneous tissue 4) muscle

Question 4

something being sterile, basically means that it is free of _____

Answer 4

microorganisms that can possibly enter the blood stream and cause infections and even death.

Question 5

define ampule

Answer 5

an ampule is a glass container of sterile medication in solution. (glass containers are used because the medication in ampules will become ineffective if contact with plastic.)

Question 6

What are common medications that come in prefilled syringes?

Answer 6

sodium bicarbonate, 50% dextrose, epinephrine, atropine, isoproterenol, phenytoin.

Question 7

sodium bicarbonate

Answer 7

NaHCO₃, used to reduce stomach acid (antacid) treats heartburn, indigestion and upset stomach. quick acting and should only be used for temp. relief.

Question 8

50% dextrose injection solution

Answer 8

. 50% Dextrose Injection is indicated in the treatment of insulin hypoglycemia (hyperinsulinemia or insulin shock) to restore blood glucose levels. used for fluid and nutrient replenisher. The solution is also indicated, after dilution, for intravenous infusion as a source of carbohydrate calories in patients whose oral intake is restricted or inadequate to maintain nutritional requirements. Slow infusion of hypertonic solutions is essential to ensure proper utilization of dextrose and avoid production of hyperglycemia. each mL of fluid contains 0.5g of dextrose, hydrous which delivers 3.4kcal/gram. Intended only for single dose injection. (C6H12O6 • H2O (D-glucose monohydrate) When administered intravenously this solution restores blood glucose levels in hypoglycemia and provides a source of carbohydrate calories.

A concentrated dextrose solution should not be used when intracranial or intraspinal hemorrhage is present, nor in the presence of delirium tremens if the patient is already dehydrated.
Dextrose injection without electrolytes should not be administered simultaneously with blood through the same infusion set because of the possibility that pseudoagglutination of red cells may occur.

Injection of the solution should be made slowly. The maximum rate at which dextrose can be infused without producing glycosuria is 0.5 g/kg of body weight/hour. About 95% of the dextrose is retained when infused at a rate of 0.8 g/kg/hr.

Question 9

what is the peripheral vasculer system

Answer 9

veins and arteries in the arms, hands legs and feet, they supply oxygenated blood to the body, and lead de-oxygenated blood from the capillaries back into the heart.

Question 10

define the superior vena cava

Answer 10

a large vein carrying deoxygenated blood into the heart. There are two in humans, the inferior vena cava (carrying blood from the lower body) and the superior vena cava (carrying blood from the head, arms, and upper body).

Question 11

define capillaries

Answer 11

smallest of the body’s blood vessels (and lymph vessels) that make up the microcirculation. They connect arterioles and venlues, and help enable the exchange of water, oxygen and carbon dioxide, and other nutrients and waste substances between the blood and tissues surrounding them.

Question 12

define epinephrine injection:

Answer 12

Epinephrine is a chemical that narrows blood vessels and opens airways in the lungs. These effects can reverse severe low blood pressure, wheezing, severe skin itching, hives, and other symptoms of an allergic reaction.

Epinephrine injection is used to treat severe allergic reactions (anaphylaxis) to insect stings or bites, foods, drugs, and other allergens. Epinephrine is also used to treat exercise-induced anaphylaxis.