Prentice Ch. 9 - Mechanisms and Characteristics of Musko-skeletal and Nerve Trauma Flashcards
Trauma
a physical injury or wound that is produced by an external or internal force
Force
when a force applied to any part of the body results in a harmful disturbance in function and or structure and a mechanical injury is said to have been sustained
load
external force or forces acting on internal tissue
stiffness
ability of a tissue to resist a load
stress
internal resistance to an external load
strain
extent of deformation of tissue under loading
deformation
change in the shape of a tissue
elasticity
property that allows a tissue to return to normal following deformation
yield point
elastic limit of tissue
plastic
deformation of tissues that exists after the load is removed
creep
deformation of tissues that occurs with application of a constant load over time
mechanical failure
exceeding the ability to withstand stress and strain causing tissue to break down
tissue stresses
compression tension shearing bending torsion
compression
external loads applied toward one another on opposite surfaces in opposite directions
tension
force that pulls of stretches tissue. equal and opposite external loads that pull a structure apart
shearing
equal but not directly opposite loads are applied to opposing surfaces, forcing those surfaces to move in parallel directions relative to one another (blisters or abrasions)
bending
two force pairs act at opposite ends of a structure (4 point). the original axis maintains itself while the convex side of the structure is elongated
torsion
caused by twisting in opposite directions from the opposite ends of a structure cause sear stress over then entire cross section of that structure (spiral fractures)
Muscles are composed of…
contractile cells, or fibers that produce movement. they possess the ability to contract as well as the properties of irritability, conductivity, and elasticity
muscle strain
a stretch, tear, or rip in the muscle or its tendon
Grade I strain
- some muscle fibers have been stretched or actually torn.
- some tenderness and pain on active motion.
- full ROM
Grade 2 strain
a number of muscle fibers have been torn, and active contraction of the muscle is extremely painful
- usually a depression can be felt in the muscle belly
- ROM is decreased due to pain
Grade 3 strain
- complete rupture of the muscle in the muscle belly at the point where it becomes a tendon
- signifiant impairment or perhaps total loss of motion
- pain is intense but quickly diminishes because of complete nerve fiber separation
Where are grade 3 strains the most common?
biceps brachii
achilles heel cord
how long do hamstrings usually take to heal?
6-8 weeks
muscle cramps
- involuntary muscle contractions
- happen from excessive loss of water and electrolytes
- calf abdomen and hamstrings
Muscle guarding
muscle contraction in response to pain
follows musculoskeletal injury
Muscle spasms: clonic
involuntary muscle contraction characterized by alternate contraction and relaxation in rapid succession
Muscle spasms: tonic
type of muscle contraction characterized by constant contraction that lasts for a period of time
muscle soreness
pain caused by overexertion in exercise
acute-onset muscle soreness
- accompanies fatigue
- transient and occurs during and immediately after exercise
delayed-onset muscle soreness (DOMS)
- becomes most intense 24-48 hours and then subsides after 3-4 days
Tendon injuries
- breaking point occurs after a 6-8% increase in length
- a tendon is usually double the strength of the muscle it serves, tears commonly occur at the muscle belly, musculotendinous junction or bony attachment
repetitive muscle tears
evolve into chronic muscle strain that resorbs collagen fibers and eventually weakens the tendon
tendon
tough band of connective tissue that attaches muscle to bone
crepitus
a crackling feel or sound
how long to get rid of tendinitis
2 weeks of REST
biking or swimming
tendinosis
breakdown of a tendon without inflammation
tenosynovitis
inflammation of a tendon and its synovial sheath
myofascial trigger point
discreet, hypersensitive nodule within a taut band of skeletal muscle and/or fascia
harder than normal
latent trigger point
does not cause spontaneous pain but may restrict movement or cause muscle weakness
active trigger point
pain at rest
when pressure is applied “jump sign”
contusion
compression of soft tissue that results in bleeding into surrounding tissues
ecchymosis
bluish-purple discoloration of the skin
myositis ossificans
calcium deposits that result from repeated trauma
synovial joints
articulations of two bones surrounded by a joint capsule lined with synovial membrane
Grade I sprain
some stretching.
some separation of the ligament fibers
joint stiffness
localized swelling
Grade 2 sprain
some tearing and separation
moderate instability of the joint
moderate to severe swelling and joint stiffness
grade 3 sprain
total tear can result in a subluxation initially severe pain but subsides swelling may become great joint stiffness
ligaments heal slowly because…
poor blood supply
diastasis
separation of articulating bones
dislocation
a bone is forced out of alignment and stays out until surgically or manually replaced or reduced
subluxation
a bone is forced out of alignment but goes back into place
osteoarthritis
a wearing down of hyaline cartilage
bursitis
occurs around joints where there is friction between the tendon and the bone
bursae
pieces of synovial membrane that contain a small amount of fluid
Flat bones
skull, ribs and scapulae
irregular bones
vertebral column, skull
short bones
wrist and ankle
long bones
humerus, ulna, femur, tibia, fibula and phalances
diaphysis
main shaft of the long bone
hollow and cylindrical
epiphysis
located at the end of long bones
spongelike
periosteum
dense white fibrous membrane covers long bones except at joint surfaces
osteoblasts
provide bone growth and repair
osteoclasts
bone-remodeling cells
closed fracture
one which there is little or no movement
open fracture
enough displacement of the featured ends that the bone actually breaks though surrounding tissue
greenstick fracture
incomplete breaks in bones
children
comminuted fracture
3 or more fragments
hard blow or fall in an awkward position
linear fracture
bone splits along its length
jumping from a height
transverse fracture
occur in a straight line
direct outside blow usually causes this injury
oblique fracture
occur when one end of the bone receives sudden torsion or twisting wile the other end is fixed
spiral fracture
S-shaped
foot is firmly planted when the body is suddenly rotated in an opposing direction
impacted fracture
fall from height
long bone to receive directly on its long axis a force of magnitude that the osseous tissue is compressed
blowout fracture
serrated fractures in which the two bony fragments have a sawtooth, sharp edged fracture line
depressed frature
often in flat bones
found in skull
contrecoup fracture
an athlete may be hit on one side of the head with such force that the brain and internal structures compress against the opposite side of the skull, causing a fracture
stress fracture
overload caused by muscle contraction, amenorrhea, altered stress distribution in the bone accompanying muscle fatigue, a change in the ground reaction force
Epiphyseal conditions: type 1
complete separation of the physics in relation to the metaphysics without fracture to bone
epiphyseal conditions: type 2
separation of the growth plate and a small portion of the metaphysis
epiphyseal conditions: type 3
fracture of the physis
epiphyseal conditions: type 4
fracture of a portion of the physics and the metaphysis
epiphyseal conditions: type 5
no displacement of the physics, but the cursing force can cause a growth deformity
neuropraxia
interruption in conduction of an impulse down the nerve fiber
neuritis
chronic nerve problem
can be caused by a variety of forces that usually have been repeated or continued for a long time
