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BOC studying > Prentice Ch. 9 - Mechanisms and Characteristics of Musko-skeletal and Nerve Trauma > Flashcards

Prentice Ch. 9 - Mechanisms and Characteristics of Musko-skeletal and Nerve Trauma Flashcards

1
Q

Trauma

A

a physical injury or wound that is produced by an external or internal force

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2
Q

Force

A

when a force applied to any part of the body results in a harmful disturbance in function and or structure and a mechanical injury is said to have been sustained

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3
Q

load

A

external force or forces acting on internal tissue

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4
Q

stiffness

A

ability of a tissue to resist a load

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5
Q

stress

A

internal resistance to an external load

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6
Q

strain

A

extent of deformation of tissue under loading

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7
Q

deformation

A

change in the shape of a tissue

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8
Q

elasticity

A

property that allows a tissue to return to normal following deformation

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9
Q

yield point

A

elastic limit of tissue

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10
Q

plastic

A

deformation of tissues that exists after the load is removed

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11
Q

creep

A

deformation of tissues that occurs with application of a constant load over time

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12
Q

mechanical failure

A

exceeding the ability to withstand stress and strain causing tissue to break down

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13
Q

tissue stresses

A 
compression
tension
shearing
bending 
torsion
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14
Q

compression

A

external loads applied toward one another on opposite surfaces in opposite directions

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15
Q

tension

A

force that pulls of stretches tissue. equal and opposite external loads that pull a structure apart

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16
Q

shearing

A

equal but not directly opposite loads are applied to opposing surfaces, forcing those surfaces to move in parallel directions relative to one another (blisters or abrasions)

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17
Q

bending

A

two force pairs act at opposite ends of a structure (4 point). the original axis maintains itself while the convex side of the structure is elongated

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18
Q

torsion

A

caused by twisting in opposite directions from the opposite ends of a structure cause sear stress over then entire cross section of that structure (spiral fractures)

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19
Q

Muscles are composed of…

A

contractile cells, or fibers that produce movement. they possess the ability to contract as well as the properties of irritability, conductivity, and elasticity

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20
Q

muscle strain

A

a stretch, tear, or rip in the muscle or its tendon

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21
Q

Grade I strain

A
  • some muscle fibers have been stretched or actually torn.
  • some tenderness and pain on active motion.
  • full ROM
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22
Q

Grade 2 strain

A

a number of muscle fibers have been torn, and active contraction of the muscle is extremely painful

  • usually a depression can be felt in the muscle belly
  • ROM is decreased due to pain
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23
Q

Grade 3 strain

A
  • complete rupture of the muscle in the muscle belly at the point where it becomes a tendon
  • signifiant impairment or perhaps total loss of motion
  • pain is intense but quickly diminishes because of complete nerve fiber separation
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24
Q

Where are grade 3 strains the most common?

A

biceps brachii

achilles heel cord

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25
Q

how long do hamstrings usually take to heal?

A

6-8 weeks

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26
Q

muscle cramps

A
  • involuntary muscle contractions
  • happen from excessive loss of water and electrolytes
  • calf abdomen and hamstrings
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27
Q

Muscle guarding

A

muscle contraction in response to pain

follows musculoskeletal injury

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28
Q

Muscle spasms: clonic

A

involuntary muscle contraction characterized by alternate contraction and relaxation in rapid succession

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29
Q

Muscle spasms: tonic

A

type of muscle contraction characterized by constant contraction that lasts for a period of time

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30
Q

muscle soreness

A

pain caused by overexertion in exercise

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31
Q

acute-onset muscle soreness

A
  • accompanies fatigue

- transient and occurs during and immediately after exercise

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32
Q

delayed-onset muscle soreness (DOMS)

A
  • becomes most intense 24-48 hours and then subsides after 3-4 days
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33
Q

Tendon injuries

A
  • breaking point occurs after a 6-8% increase in length
  • a tendon is usually double the strength of the muscle it serves, tears commonly occur at the muscle belly, musculotendinous junction or bony attachment
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34
Q

repetitive muscle tears

A

evolve into chronic muscle strain that resorbs collagen fibers and eventually weakens the tendon

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35
Q

tendon

A

tough band of connective tissue that attaches muscle to bone

36
Q

crepitus

A

a crackling feel or sound

37
Q

how long to get rid of tendinitis

A

2 weeks of REST

biking or swimming

38
Q

tendinosis

A

breakdown of a tendon without inflammation

39
Q

tenosynovitis

A

inflammation of a tendon and its synovial sheath

40
Q

myofascial trigger point

A

discreet, hypersensitive nodule within a taut band of skeletal muscle and/or fascia
harder than normal

41
Q

latent trigger point

A

does not cause spontaneous pain but may restrict movement or cause muscle weakness

42
Q

active trigger point

A

pain at rest

when pressure is applied “jump sign”

43
Q

contusion

A

compression of soft tissue that results in bleeding into surrounding tissues

44
Q

ecchymosis

A

bluish-purple discoloration of the skin

45
Q

myositis ossificans

A

calcium deposits that result from repeated trauma

46
Q

synovial joints

A

articulations of two bones surrounded by a joint capsule lined with synovial membrane

47
Q

Grade I sprain

A

some stretching.
some separation of the ligament fibers
joint stiffness
localized swelling

48
Q

Grade 2 sprain

A

some tearing and separation
moderate instability of the joint
moderate to severe swelling and joint stiffness

49
Q

grade 3 sprain

A 
total tear
can result in a subluxation
initially severe pain but subsides
swelling may become great
joint stiffness
50
Q

ligaments heal slowly because…

A

poor blood supply

51
Q

diastasis

A

separation of articulating bones

52
Q

dislocation

A

a bone is forced out of alignment and stays out until surgically or manually replaced or reduced

53
Q

subluxation

A

a bone is forced out of alignment but goes back into place

54
Q

osteoarthritis

A

a wearing down of hyaline cartilage

55
Q

bursitis

A

occurs around joints where there is friction between the tendon and the bone

56
Q

bursae

A

pieces of synovial membrane that contain a small amount of fluid

57
Q

Flat bones

A

skull, ribs and scapulae

58
Q

irregular bones

A

vertebral column, skull

59
Q

short bones

A

wrist and ankle

60
Q

long bones

A

humerus, ulna, femur, tibia, fibula and phalances

61
Q

diaphysis

A

main shaft of the long bone

hollow and cylindrical

62
Q

epiphysis

A

located at the end of long bones

spongelike

63
Q

periosteum

A

dense white fibrous membrane covers long bones except at joint surfaces

64
Q

osteoblasts

A

provide bone growth and repair

65
Q

osteoclasts

A

bone-remodeling cells

66
Q

closed fracture

A

one which there is little or no movement

67
Q

open fracture

A

enough displacement of the featured ends that the bone actually breaks though surrounding tissue

68
Q

greenstick fracture

A

incomplete breaks in bones

children

69
Q

comminuted fracture

A

3 or more fragments

hard blow or fall in an awkward position

70
Q

linear fracture

A

bone splits along its length

jumping from a height

71
Q

transverse fracture

A

occur in a straight line

direct outside blow usually causes this injury

72
Q

oblique fracture

A

occur when one end of the bone receives sudden torsion or twisting wile the other end is fixed

73
Q

spiral fracture

A

S-shaped

foot is firmly planted when the body is suddenly rotated in an opposing direction

74
Q

impacted fracture

A

fall from height

long bone to receive directly on its long axis a force of magnitude that the osseous tissue is compressed

75
Q

blowout fracture

A

serrated fractures in which the two bony fragments have a sawtooth, sharp edged fracture line

76
Q

depressed frature

A

often in flat bones

found in skull

77
Q

contrecoup fracture

A

an athlete may be hit on one side of the head with such force that the brain and internal structures compress against the opposite side of the skull, causing a fracture

78
Q

stress fracture

A

overload caused by muscle contraction, amenorrhea, altered stress distribution in the bone accompanying muscle fatigue, a change in the ground reaction force

79
Q

Epiphyseal conditions: type 1

A

complete separation of the physics in relation to the metaphysics without fracture to bone

80
Q

epiphyseal conditions: type 2

A

separation of the growth plate and a small portion of the metaphysis

81
Q

epiphyseal conditions: type 3

A

fracture of the physis

82
Q

epiphyseal conditions: type 4

A

fracture of a portion of the physics and the metaphysis

83
Q

epiphyseal conditions: type 5

A

no displacement of the physics, but the cursing force can cause a growth deformity

84
Q

neuropraxia

A

interruption in conduction of an impulse down the nerve fiber

85
Q

neuritis

A

chronic nerve problem

can be caused by a variety of forces that usually have been repeated or continued for a long time

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