Prentice Ch. 17 - Pharmacology, Drugs, and Sports Flashcards
Pharmacology
the study of drugs and their origin, nature, properties, and effects on living organisms
drug
a chemical agent used in the prevention treatment or diagnosis of disease
pharmacokinetics
the method by which drugs are absorbed, distributed, metabolized and eliminated
pharmaacodynamics
the actions or the effects of a drug on the body
inhalation
bringing medication or substances to the respiratory tract
oxygen, water, vapor, or highly aromatic medication
indradermal or subcutaneous
into the skin, hypodermic needle
used when a rapid response is needed
Intramuscular
given directly into the muscle
gluteal area or deltoid muscle
Intranasal
introduction of a decongestant intranasal solution by using a dropper or an atomizer
intraspinal
- introduction of drugs to combat specific organisms that have entered the spinal cord
- injection of a substance; such as procaine, to anesthetize the lower limbs
- withdrawal of spinal fluid for study
intravaginal
administration of drug/drug-containing device inside the vagina
absorbed through mucosa
intravenous
- given when an immediate reaction to the medication is desired
oral
- most common method
- tablets, capsules, powders, and liquids
rectal
limited
absorbed by mucosal lining
sublingual and buccal
placing easily dissolved agents such as troches (lozenges) or tablets under the tongue
injunctions (external)
oily or medicated substances that are rubbed into the skin and result in a local or systemic reaction (massage lubricants)
Ointments (external)
oil, petroleum jelly, or lanolin combined with drugs are applied for long-lasting topical medicaion
Pastes (external)
ointments with a nonfat base, spread either on loth or paper or directly on the skin.
usually contain an irritant, are applied as a counterirritant
- used for relieving pain, increasing circulation, and decreasing inflammation
Transdermal patches
absorbed gradually through the skin
solutions
administered externally and are extremely varied.
- antiseptics, disinfectants, vasoconstrictors, and liquid rubefacients (alcohol, turpentine)
drug vehicle
the substance in which a drug is transported
bioavailability
how completely a particular drug is absorbed by the system
volume of distribution
the volume of plasma in which a drug is dissolved
efficacy
a drug’s capability of producing a specific therapeutic effect
potentcy
the dose of drug required to produce a desired therapeutic effect
biotransoframtion
transforming a drug so that it can be metabolized
metabolism
changing a drug into a water-soluble compound that can be excreted
excretion
controlled though the kidneys and then through saliva, sweat and feces
drug half-life
- the rate at which a drug disappears from the body though metabolism, excretion, or both
- amount of time required for the palm drug level to be reduced by one-half
- critical in determining how often and in what dosage a drug must be administered to achieve and maintain therapeutic levels of concentration
steady state
- when the amount of the drug taken is equal to the amount that is excreted
- usually reached after five half-lives of the drug have occurred
Dispensing prescription drugs
at no time can anyone other than a person licensed by law legally prescribe or dispense prescription drugs for a patient
record keeping
- name of patient
- complaint or symptoms
- current medications
- any known allergies
- name of medication given
- lot number if available (identifies manufacturer, date and place of production)
- experiation date
- quantity of medication
- method of administration
- date and time
analgesics
pain-relieving drugs
anesthetics
agents that produce local or general numbness to touch, pain or stimulation
antacids
substances that neutralize acidity; commonly used in the digestive tract
antibiotics
drugs that kill bacteria or inhibit their growth
antidotes
substance that prevent or counteract the action of poison
antipruritics
agents that relieve itching
antipyretics
drugs that reduce body temperature
astringents
agents that cause contraction or puckering action
carminatives
agents that relieve flatulence
cathartics
agents used to evacuate substances from the bowels; active purgatives
caustics
burning agents, capable of destroying living tissue
disinfectants
agents that kill or inhibit the growth of microorganisms; only applied to nonliving materials
emetics
agents that cause vomiting
expectorants
agents that suppress coughing
hemostatics
substances that either slow down or stop bleeding
local antiseptics
local disinfectantssubstances that can be placed on living tissue for the express purpose of either killing bacteria or inhibiting their growth
local disinfectants
substances that combat microorganisms but should be applied only to nonliving objects
Alcohol
- ethyl alcohol (70 percent by weight)
- isopropyl alcohol (70 percent)
- equally effective
phenol
disinfectant
halogens
antiseptic and disinfectant qualities
- betadine is an excellent germicie
oxidizing agents
hydrogen peroxide - antiseptic that because of his oxidation, affects bacteria but readily decomposes in the presence of organic substances, such as a blood and pus
application of hydrogen peroxide
results in the formation of an active, effervescent gas that dislodges particles of wound material and debris and, by removing degenerated tissue, eliminates the would as likely environment for bacterial breeding.
antifungal agents
- terbinafine (lamisil)
antibiotics types
- penicillins and cephalosporins
- bacitracin (polysporin)
- tetracyclines
- macroslides
- quinolones
drugs for asthma
- albuterol
two most common types of inhalers
- metered does inhalers (MDIs)
- dry powder inhalers (DPIs)
inhaler overdose
irregular heartbeat, tremor, seizure, headache, nausea, and vomiting
pain relievers
drugs used to inhibit pain or inflammation include counteriritants and local anesthetics, narcotic analgesics, and nonnarcotic anlgesics and antipyretics
Narcotic analgesics
derived directly from opium or are synthetic
- codeine (less potent)
- morphine (depresses pain sensations)
cathartics (laxatives)
they can lead to an electrolyte imbalance
beta blockers
- used primarily for hypertension and heart disease
- slows heart rate and decreases the contractility of heart muscle, thus decreasing cardiac output
diuretics
increase kidney excretion by decreasing the kidney’s resorption of sodium
androstenedione
increases the testosterone in males and particularly in females primarily for the purpose of enhancing athletic performance
Sanctions for positive NCAA drug tests
first time positive test, the NCAA will declare the athlete ineligible for all regular and postseason competitions for a minimum of 1 year. can be retested anytime within that year
