prenatal development and birth

Question 1

begins with fertilization and ends with birth

Answer 1

prenatal development

Question 2

how long does prenatal development take?

Answer 2

between 266 and 280 days (38-40 weeks)

Question 3

three periods of prenatal development

Answer 3

germinal, embryonic, fetal

Question 4

takes place in the first two weeks after conception

Answer 4

germinal period

Question 5

what happens during the germinal period?

Answer 5

creation of the zygote, continued cell division, and the attachment of the zygote to the uterine wall

Question 6

takes place one week after conception

Answer 6

differentiation

Question 7

what happens to the cells during differentiation?

Answer 7

specialization of cells to perform various tasks

Question 8

consists of inner mass of cells that will eventually develop into the embryo

Answer 8

blastocyst

Question 9

outer layer of cells that later provides nutrition and support for the embryo

Answer 9

trophoblast

Question 10

implantation, the attachment of the zygote to the uterine wall, takes place about _____ to _____ after conception

Answer 10

11-15 days

Question 11

occurs 2 to eight weeks after conception

Answer 11

embryonic period

Question 12

rate of cell differentiation intensifies, support systems for cells form, and organs appear

Answer 12

organogenesis

Question 13

the three layers of the embryo

Answer 13

endoderm
mesoderm
ectoderm

Question 14

inner layer of cells which will develop into digestive and respiratory systems

Answer 14

endoderm

Question 15

middle layer, which will become the circulatory system, bones, muscles, excretory system, and reproductive system

Answer 15

mesoderm

Question 16

outermost layer, becomes the nervous sytem and brain, sensory receptors, and skin parts

Answer 16

ectoderm

Question 17

the three life-support systems of the embryo

Answer 17

amnion
umbilical cord
placenta

Question 18

sac that contains a clear fluid in which the developing embryo floats

Answer 18

amnion

Question 19

contains 2 arteries and 1 vein, and connects the baby to the placenta

Answer 19

umbilical cord

Question 20

disk-shaped group of tissues in which small blood vessels from the mother and offspring intertwine but do not join

Answer 20

placenta

Question 21

in the ____ week after conception, the _____ that eventually becomes the spinal cord forms

Answer 21

third; neural tube

Question 22

at about ____ days, ____ begin to appear, and at 24 days the cells for the ____begin to _____

Answer 22

21, eyes; heart, differentiate

Question 23

lasts about seven months and is the prenatal period between two months after conception and birth in typical pregnancies

Answer 23

fetal period

Question 24

refers to the chances of surviving outside the womb which begins at the end of the second semester

Answer 24

viability

Question 25

long, hollow tube located on the embryo's back; forms about 18 to 24 days after conception

Answer 25

neural tube

Question 26

2 birth defects related to the neural tube

Answer 26

anencephaly and spina bifida

Question 27

risk factors for the neural tube

Answer 27

maternal diabetes and obesity; secondhand smoke

Question 28

four important phases of the brain's development during the prenatal period

Answer 28

the neural tube neurogenesis neuronal migration neural connectivity

Question 29

generations of new neurons; 5th prenatal week to the end of the prenatal period

Answer 29

neurogenesis

Question 30

cells move outward from their point of origin to their appropriate locations; 6-24 weeks after conception

Answer 30

neuronal migration

Question 31

connections between neurons begin to occur; 23rd prenatal week

Answer 31

neural connectivity

Question 32

any agent that can potentially cause a birth defect or negatively alter cognitive and behavioral outcomes

Answer 32

teratogen

Question 33

field of study that investigates the causes of birth defects

Answer 33

teratology

Question 34

the ____, ____, and the ____ to a particular teratogen influence both the severity of the damage to an embryo/fetus and the type of defect

Answer 34

dose genetic susceptibility time of exposure

Question 35

how does dose effects influence severity of damage?

Answer 35

greater dose of agent=greater effect

Question 36

the type or severity of abnormalities caused by a teratogen is linked to the genotype of the pregnant woman and the genotype of the embryo or fetus

Answer 36

genetic susceptibility

Question 37

exposure to teratogens does more damage when it occurs at some points in development than at others

Answer 37

time of exposure

Question 38

damage during the ______ period may even prevent ______

Answer 38

germinal; implantation

Question 39

______period is more vulnerable than ______ period

Answer 39

embryonic; fetal

Question 40

why is the probability of a structural defect greatest in the early embryonic period?

Answer 40

it is the time when organs are being formed

Question 41

what sort of problems can teratogens cause during the fetal period?

Answer 41

stunt growth or to create problems in the way organs function

Question 42

key teratogens

Answer 42

prescription drugs non-prescription drugs psychoactive drugs

Question 43

prenatal care

Answer 43

medical care prenatal programs exercise