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developmental psych > early childhood > Flashcards

early childhood Flashcards

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1
Q

a serious health problem in early childhood

A

being overweight

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2
Q

young children’s eating behavior is strongly influenced by who?

A

their caregiver’s behavior

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3
Q

one of the most common nutritional problems in early childhood which results in chronic fatigue

A

iron deficiency anemia

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4
Q

the issue of anemia and chronic fatigue result from the failure to eat adequate amounts of

A

quality meats and dark green vegetables

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5
Q

an activity that should be a daily occurrence for young children

A

routine physical activity

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6
Q

the guidelines recommend that young children get __ or more minutes of physical activity per hour over a ___ hour period or about __ hours per day total

A

15; 12; 3

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7
Q

the child’s life should be centered around ___, not ___

A

activities; meals

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8
Q

lasts from approximately 2 to 7 years of age, children begin to represent the world with words, images, and drawings

A

preoperational stage

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9
Q

the young child’s cognitive world is dominated by __ and __

A

egocentrism, magical beliefs

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10
Q

reversible mental actions that allow children to do mentally what before they could do only physically

A

operations

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11
Q

a substage occurring roughly between ages 2 and 4 wherein the child gains the ability to mentally represent an object that is not present

A

symbolic function substage

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12
Q

children’s thoughts still has important limitations which are __ and __

A

egocentrism and animism

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13
Q

the inability to distinguish between one’s own perspective and someone else’s perspective

A

egocentrism

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14
Q

the belief that inanimate objects have lifelike qualities and are capable of action

A

animism

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15
Q

a substage occurring between approximately 4 and 7 years of age wherein children use primitive reasoning and want to know the answers to all sorts of questions

A

intuitive thought substage

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16
Q

a centering of attention on one characteristic to the exclusion of all other; it is most clearly evidenced in their lack of conservation

A

centration

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17
Q

the awareness that altering an object’s or a substance’s appearance does not change its basic properties

A

conservation

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18
Q

range of tasks that are too difficult for the child to master alone but can be learned with guidance and assistance from adults or more skilled children

A

zone of proximal development

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19
Q

level of skill reached by the child working independently

A

lower limit of zpd

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20
Q

level of additional responsibility the child can accept with the assistance of an able instructor

A

upper limit of zpd

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21
Q

it means changing the level of support, a more skilled person adjusts the amount of guidance to fit the child’s current performance

A

scaffolding

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22
Q

children use speech to help them solve tasks and to plan, guide, and monitor their behavior; language is used for self-regulation

A

private speech

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23
Q

children have internalized their egocentric speech in the form of ___ which becomes their thoughts

A

inner speech

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24
Q

emphasizes the social contexts of learning and the construction of knowledge through social interaction

A

social contructivist approach

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25
Q

involves action planning, allocating attention to goals, error detection and compensation, monitoring progress on tasks

A

executive attention

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26
Q

focused and extended engagement with an object, task, event, or other aspect of the environemnt

A

sustained attention

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27
Q

preschool children are likely to pay attention to stimuli that stand out , even when those stimuli are not relevant to solving a problem or performing a task

A

salient

28
Q

individuals retain information for up to 30 seconds if there is no rehearsal of the information

A

short-term memory

29
Q

involves memory of significant events and experiences in one’s life

A

autobiographical memory

30
Q

consists of a number of higher-level cognitive processes linked to the development of the brain’s prefrontal context

A

executive function

31
Q

refers to the awareness of one’s own mental processes and the mental processes of others

A

theory of mind

32
Q

children begin to understand three mental states

A

perceptions
emotions
desires

33
Q

psychosocial stage associated with early childhood

A

initiative vs. guilt

34
Q

the great governor of initiative

A

conscience

35
Q

in erikson’s portrait of early childhood, the young child clearly has begun to develop ___

A

self-understanding

36
Q

early self-understanding involves

A

self-recognition

37
Q

it helps to protect young children from negative self-evaluations

A

overestimation of their attributes

38
Q

research increasingly shows that young children are more ____ and ____ than was previously envisioned

A

socially sensitive; perceptive

39
Q

involves thoughts, feelings, and behaviors regarding rules and conventions about what people should do in their interactions with other people

A

moral development

40
Q

according to freud, children attempt to reduce anxiety, avoid punishment, and maintain parental affection by identifying with parents and internalizing their standards of right and wrong

A

moral feelings

41
Q

ability to discern another’s inner psychological states

A

perceptive talking

42
Q

an other-oriented emotional response in which an observer experiences emotions that are similar or identical to what the other person is feeling

A

sympathy

43
Q

how children think about moral issues

A

moral reasoning

44
Q

children think of justice and rules as unchangeable properties of the world

A

heteronormous morality

45
Q

children become aware that rules and laws are created by people, and in judging an action they consider the actor’s intentions as well as the consequences

A

autonomous morality

46
Q

the concept that if a rule is broken, punishment will be meted out immediately

A

immanent justice

47
Q

advocates of these perspectives hold that the process of reinforcement, punishment, and imitation explain the development of ___

A

moral behavior

48
Q

children learning to delay gratification achieves __

A

self-control

49
Q

internal regulation of standards of right and wrong that involves an integration of all three components of moral development–moral feeling, thought, and behavior

A

conscience

50
Q

ross thompson’s view

A

young children are moral apprentices striving to understand what is moral

51
Q

a restrictive, punitive style in which parents exhort the child to follow their directions and respect their work and effort

A

authoritarian parenting

52
Q

encourages the children to be independent but still places limits and controls on their actions

A

authoritative parenting

53
Q

the parent is uninvolved in the child’s life

A

neglectful parenting

54
Q

in which parents are highly involved with their children but place few demands or controls on them; lets the child do what they want

A

indulgent parenting

55
Q

the support that parents provide one another in jointly raising a child

A

coparenting

56
Q

a pleasurable activity in which children engage for its own sake, and its function and forms vary

A

play

57
Q

freud and erikson’s view on play

A

it helps children master anxieties and conflicts

58
Q

therapists use this to allow children to work off frustrations and to analyze children’s conflicts and ways of coping with them

A

play therapy

59
Q

benefits of play

A

advances children’s cognitive development
practices competencies and skills in a relaxed pleasurable way

60
Q

behavior by infants that lets them derive pleasure from exercising their sensorimotor schemes

A

sensorimotor play

61
Q

involves the repetition of behavior when new skills are being learned or when physical or mental mastery and coordination of skills are required

A

practice play

62
Q

occurs when the child transforms the physical environment into a symbol

A

pretense/symbolic play

63
Q

involves interaction with peers

A

social play

64
Q

combines sensorimotor/practice play with symbolic representation

A

constructive play

65
Q

activities that children engage in for pleasure and that has rules, often involves competition

A

games

developmental psych (11 decks)

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