early childhood Flashcards
a serious health problem in early childhood
being overweight
young children’s eating behavior is strongly influenced by who?
their caregiver’s behavior
one of the most common nutritional problems in early childhood which results in chronic fatigue
iron deficiency anemia
the issue of anemia and chronic fatigue result from the failure to eat adequate amounts of
quality meats and dark green vegetables
an activity that should be a daily occurrence for young children
routine physical activity
the guidelines recommend that young children get __ or more minutes of physical activity per hour over a ___ hour period or about __ hours per day total
15; 12; 3
the child’s life should be centered around ___, not ___
activities; meals
lasts from approximately 2 to 7 years of age, children begin to represent the world with words, images, and drawings
preoperational stage
the young child’s cognitive world is dominated by __ and __
egocentrism, magical beliefs
reversible mental actions that allow children to do mentally what before they could do only physically
operations
a substage occurring roughly between ages 2 and 4 wherein the child gains the ability to mentally represent an object that is not present
symbolic function substage
children’s thoughts still has important limitations which are __ and __
egocentrism and animism
the inability to distinguish between one’s own perspective and someone else’s perspective
egocentrism
the belief that inanimate objects have lifelike qualities and are capable of action
animism
a substage occurring between approximately 4 and 7 years of age wherein children use primitive reasoning and want to know the answers to all sorts of questions
intuitive thought substage
a centering of attention on one characteristic to the exclusion of all other; it is most clearly evidenced in their lack of conservation
centration
the awareness that altering an object’s or a substance’s appearance does not change its basic properties
conservation
range of tasks that are too difficult for the child to master alone but can be learned with guidance and assistance from adults or more skilled children
zone of proximal development
level of skill reached by the child working independently
lower limit of zpd
level of additional responsibility the child can accept with the assistance of an able instructor
upper limit of zpd
it means changing the level of support, a more skilled person adjusts the amount of guidance to fit the child’s current performance
scaffolding
children use speech to help them solve tasks and to plan, guide, and monitor their behavior; language is used for self-regulation
private speech
children have internalized their egocentric speech in the form of ___ which becomes their thoughts
inner speech
emphasizes the social contexts of learning and the construction of knowledge through social interaction
social contructivist approach
involves action planning, allocating attention to goals, error detection and compensation, monitoring progress on tasks
executive attention
focused and extended engagement with an object, task, event, or other aspect of the environemnt
sustained attention
preschool children are likely to pay attention to stimuli that stand out , even when those stimuli are not relevant to solving a problem or performing a task
salient
individuals retain information for up to 30 seconds if there is no rehearsal of the information
short-term memory
involves memory of significant events and experiences in one’s life
autobiographical memory
consists of a number of higher-level cognitive processes linked to the development of the brain’s prefrontal context
executive function
refers to the awareness of one’s own mental processes and the mental processes of others
theory of mind
children begin to understand three mental states
perceptions
emotions
desires
psychosocial stage associated with early childhood
initiative vs. guilt
the great governor of initiative
conscience
in erikson’s portrait of early childhood, the young child clearly has begun to develop ___
self-understanding
early self-understanding involves
self-recognition
it helps to protect young children from negative self-evaluations
overestimation of their attributes
research increasingly shows that young children are more ____ and ____ than was previously envisioned
socially sensitive; perceptive
involves thoughts, feelings, and behaviors regarding rules and conventions about what people should do in their interactions with other people
moral development
according to freud, children attempt to reduce anxiety, avoid punishment, and maintain parental affection by identifying with parents and internalizing their standards of right and wrong
moral feelings
ability to discern another’s inner psychological states
perceptive talking
an other-oriented emotional response in which an observer experiences emotions that are similar or identical to what the other person is feeling
sympathy
how children think about moral issues
moral reasoning
children think of justice and rules as unchangeable properties of the world
heteronormous morality
children become aware that rules and laws are created by people, and in judging an action they consider the actor’s intentions as well as the consequences
autonomous morality
the concept that if a rule is broken, punishment will be meted out immediately
immanent justice
advocates of these perspectives hold that the process of reinforcement, punishment, and imitation explain the development of ___
moral behavior
children learning to delay gratification achieves __
self-control
internal regulation of standards of right and wrong that involves an integration of all three components of moral development–moral feeling, thought, and behavior
conscience
ross thompson’s view
young children are moral apprentices striving to understand what is moral
a restrictive, punitive style in which parents exhort the child to follow their directions and respect their work and effort
authoritarian parenting
encourages the children to be independent but still places limits and controls on their actions
authoritative parenting
the parent is uninvolved in the child’s life
neglectful parenting
in which parents are highly involved with their children but place few demands or controls on them; lets the child do what they want
indulgent parenting
the support that parents provide one another in jointly raising a child
coparenting
a pleasurable activity in which children engage for its own sake, and its function and forms vary
play
freud and erikson’s view on play
it helps children master anxieties and conflicts
therapists use this to allow children to work off frustrations and to analyze children’s conflicts and ways of coping with them
play therapy
benefits of play
advances children’s cognitive development
practices competencies and skills in a relaxed pleasurable way
behavior by infants that lets them derive pleasure from exercising their sensorimotor schemes
sensorimotor play
involves the repetition of behavior when new skills are being learned or when physical or mental mastery and coordination of skills are required
practice play
occurs when the child transforms the physical environment into a symbol
pretense/symbolic play
involves interaction with peers
social play
combines sensorimotor/practice play with symbolic representation
constructive play
activities that children engage in for pleasure and that has rules, often involves competition
games
