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developmental psych > Infancy (physical development) > Flashcards

Infancy (physical development) Flashcards

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1
Q

the two patterns of growth

A

cephalocaudal and proximodistal

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2
Q

the earliest growth always occur at the top–the head–with physical growth and differentiation of features

A

cephalocaudal pattern

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3
Q

____ development generally proceeds according to the cephalocaudal principle

A

motor

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4
Q

growth starts at the center of the body and moves toward the extremities

A

proximodistal pattern

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5
Q

95% of full-term newborns are ___ to ___ long and weigh between ___ and ___

A

18, 22 inches; 5, 10 pounds

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6
Q

in the first several days of life, most newborns lose ___ to ___% of their body weight before they adjust to feeding by sucking, swallowing, and digesting

A

5, 7

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7
Q

infants then grow rapidly gaining an average of ___ to ___ ounces per ___ during the first month

A

5, 6; week

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8
Q

infants ____ their birth weight by the age of ___ months and have nearly ____ it by their ____birthday

A

doubled; four; tripled; first

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9
Q

infants grow about __ inch per month during the ___ year, approximately _____ their birth length by their ____ birthday

A

1, first; doubling, first

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10
Q

growth slows considerably in the ___ year of life

A

second

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11
Q

by ___ years of age, infants average ___ to ___ inches in height, which is nearly half of their adult height

A

two; 32, 35

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12
Q

an important point about growth is that it often is not smooth and continuous but rather is ___

A

episodic

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13
Q

by the time it is born, the infant that began as a single cell is estimated to have a brain that contains approximately ____ nerve cells, or neurons

A

100 B

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14
Q

includes brain swelling and hemorrhaging hundreds of babies

A

shaken baby syndrome

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15
Q

the newborn’s brain is about what percentage of its adult weight?

A

25%

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16
Q

by their second birthday, their brain is about what percentage of its adult weight?

A

75%

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17
Q

do brain areas mature uniformly or not?

A

not

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18
Q

portion of the brain farthest from the spinal cord

A

forebrain

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19
Q

four main lobes of the brain

A

frontal
occipital
temporal
parietal

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20
Q

involved in voluntary movement, thinking, personality, and intentionality or purpose

A

frontal lobes

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21
Q

functions in vision

A

occipital lobes

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22
Q

have an active role in hearing, language processing, and memory

A

temporal lobes

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23
Q

play important roles in registering spatial location, attention, and motor control

A

parietal lobes

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24
Q

specialization of function in one hemisphere or cerebral cortex or the other

A

lateralization

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25
Q

what sort of activities involve both hemispheres

A

complex functions like reading and performing music

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26
Q

newborns show greater electrical brain activity in the ___ hemisphere when they are listening to speech sounds

A

left

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27
Q

nerve cell that handles information processing

A

neurons

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28
Q

two types of fibers extending from the neuron’s cell body

A

axons and dendrites

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29
Q

axon carries signals ___ from the cell body and dendrites carry signals ____ it

A

away; toward

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30
Q

layer of fat cells encasing and insulating axons in charge of helping electrical signal travel faster

A

myelin sheath

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31
Q

myelination is also involved in ____ to neurons and in ____

A

providing energy; communication

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32
Q

at the end of the axon are terminal buttons, what chemical do they release?

A

neurotransmitters

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33
Q

tiny gaps between neuron’s fibers

A

synapses

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34
Q

chemical interactions in the synapses do what?

A

they connect axons and dendrites, allowing information to pass from neuron to neuron

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35
Q

two ways neurons change during the first years of life

A

myelination and neural connectivity

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36
Q

what is “pruning” among neurons?

A

unused neurons are replaced by other pathways or disappear

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37
Q

when we were infants, sleep consumed _____ than it does now

A

more of our time

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38
Q

the typical new born sleeps about how many hours a day?

A

18 hours

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39
Q

newborns vary greatly in how they sleep, between how many hours do they sleep?

A

10-21 hours a day

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40
Q

sleep sessions lasted approximately ___ hours during the first few months and increased to about ___ hours from 3-7 months

A

3.5 hours; 10.5

41
Q

sleep problems have been estimated to affect ___ to ___ percent of infants

A

15, 25

42
Q

most common infant sleep related problem

A

nighttime waking

43
Q

reasons for shorter duration of infant sleep

A

maternal depression during pregnancy
early introduction to solid foods
infant TV viewing
child care attendance

44
Q

a recent study found that _____ when the infant was ___ months of age predicted the infant’s sleep patterns at ___ months of age

A

maternal sleep, 3, 6

45
Q

a condition that that occurs when infants stop breathing, usually during the night and dies suddenly without any apparent reason

A

sudden infant death syndrome

46
Q

researchers have found that SIDS does decrease when infants sleep in what position?

A

on their backs

47
Q

reasons for SIDS

A

stress (poor sleep position, secondhand smoke, respiratory infection)
birth weight
mother’s health

48
Q

most accepted critical factor in predicting whether or not an infant will develop SIDS

A

prone sleeping (sleeping on stomach)

49
Q

there is a positive link between infant sleep and cognitive functioning, including ___, ___, and ____.

A

memory, language, executive function

50
Q

nutritionists recommend that infants consume approximately ___ calories per day for each pound they weigh

A

50

51
Q

developmental change at the end of the first year of life

A

sit independently
can chew and swallow a range of textures
learning to feed themselves

52
Q

true or false? breast-fed infants have lower rates of weight gain that bottle-fed infants in childhood and adolescence

A

true

53
Q

motor development comes about through the unfolding of a genetic plan, or ____

A

maturation

54
Q

infants assemble motor skills for perceiving and acting

A

dynamic systems theory

55
Q

how do infants develop their motor skills?

A

infants must perceive something in their environment that motivates them to act and use their perceptions to fine-tune their movements

56
Q

when infants are motivated to do something, they might create a ___ behavior

A

new motor behavior

57
Q

how do infants “tune” their movements

A

achieved through repeated cycles of action and perception of the consequences of that action

58
Q

they govern the newborn’s movements, which are automatic and beyond the newborn’s control

A

reflexes

59
Q

occurs when the infant’s cheek is stoked or the side of the mouth is touched

A

rooting reflex

60
Q

automatically such an object placed in their mouth

A

sucking reflex

61
Q

occurs in response to a sudden, intense noise or movement

A

moro reflex

62
Q

occurs when something touches the infant’s palm

A

grasping reflex

63
Q

what happens to the grasping reflex by the end of the third month

A

it diminishes, and the infant shows a more voluntary grasp

64
Q

how many months would it take for some reflexes to disappear?

A

3-4 months

65
Q

old views on reflexes say that they were exclusively genetic, built-in mechanisms, what is the new view

A

they are not automatic or completely beyond the infant’s control

66
Q

involves large-muscle activities and requires postural control to develop

A

gross-motor skills

67
Q

a dynamic process that is linked with sensory information in the skin, joints, and muscles, which tells us where we are in space; regulate balance and equilibrium

A

posture

68
Q

months of age infants can sit independently

A

6 / 7 months

69
Q

months of age infants learn to pull themselves up

A

8-9 months

70
Q

months of age infants can stand alone

A

10-12 months

71
Q

involve finely tuned movements

A

fine motor skills

72
Q

infants grip with their whole hand

A

palmar grasp

73
Q

grasp small objects with their thumb and forefinger

A

pincer grasp

74
Q

a necessity for the infant to coordinate grasping

A

perceptual-motor coupling

75
Q

occurs when information interacts with sensory receptors–the eyes, ears, tongue, nostrils, and skin

A

sensation

76
Q

the interpretation of what is sensed

A

perception

77
Q

we directly perceive information that exists in the world around us

A

gibson’s ecological view

78
Q

opportunities for interaction offered by objects that fit within our capabilities to perform activities

A

affordances

79
Q

newborns can’t see small things that are far away, why is that?

A

the nerves and muscles and lens of the eye are still developing

80
Q

the newborn’s vision is estimated to be on the well-known snellen chart

A

20/240

81
Q

a newborn can see at ___ feet what an adult with normal vision can see at ___ feet

A

20 feet; 240 feet

82
Q

average vision by 6 months of age?

A

20/40

83
Q

possibly the most important visual stimuli in children’s environment in which they extract key information from

A

faces

84
Q

within hours after they’re born, they prefer to look at faces rather than objects, but what kind of faces?

A

attractive faces

85
Q

a concept wherein infants are more likely to distinguish between faces to which they have been exposed than faces that they have never seen before

A

perceptual narrowing

86
Q

by __ weeks, and possibly as early as __ weeks, infants can discriminate between some colors

A

8; 4

87
Q

by 4 months of age, they have color preferences that mirror adults’ in some cases, what are these?

A

saturated colors

88
Q

sensory stimulation is changing but perception of the physical world remain constant

A

perceptual constancy

89
Q

the recognition that an object remains the same even though the retinal image of the object changes as you move toward or away from the object

A

size constancy

90
Q

babies as young as __ months of age show size and shape constancy

A

3 months

91
Q

recognition that an object remains the same shape even though its orientation to us changes

A

shape constancy

92
Q

at about 2 months of age, infants develop the ability to perceive that ___objects are ___

A

occluded; whole

93
Q

might infants even perceive depth?

A

yes

94
Q

infants ___ hear soft sounds quite as well as adults can

A

cannot

95
Q

infants are also ___ sensitive to the pitch of a sound than adults are

A

less

96
Q

infants are less sensitive to __ pitched sounds and are more likely to hear ___ pitched sounds

A

low, high

97
Q

newborns can determine the general location from which a sound is coming, they’re more proficient with this by 6 months of age

A

localization

98
Q

involves integrating information from two or more sensory modalities

A

intermodal perception

developmental psych (11 decks)

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