middle and late childhood

Question 1

what happens to brain volume around this stage

Answer 1

it stabilizes by the end of late childhood, but significant changes in various structures and regions of the brain continue to occur

Question 2

advances in functioning in the prefrontal cortex

Answer 2

reflected in improved attention, reasoning, and cognitive control

Question 3

region of the brain where changes in thickness occur during middle and late childhood

Answer 3

cerebral cortex (cortical thickening)

Question 4

a shift characterized by synaptic pruning

Answer 4

less diffusion and more focal activation occur in the prefrontal cortex

Question 5

piaget’s stage that lasts from approximately 7-11 years of age

Answer 5

concrete operational stage

Question 6

what happens on concrete operational stage

Answer 6

children can reason logically as long as reasoning can be applied to specific or concrete examples

Question 7

ability to consider the changes in other dimensions too

Answer 7

decentration

Question 8

something stays the same in quantity even though its appearance changes

Answer 8

conservation

Question 9

ability to organize objects in many different ways

Answer 9

classification

Question 10

things that have been changed can be returned to their original state

Answer 10

reversibility

Question 11

the ability to order stimuli along a quantitative dimension

Answer 11

seriation

Question 12

the ability to logically combine relations between classes

Answer 12

transitivity

Question 13

increasingly involves social and psychological characteristics

Answer 13

self-understanding

Question 14

children increase their perspective taking

Answer 14

understanding others

Question 15

executive functions used when children engage in perspective taking

Answer 15

cognitive inhibition and cognitive flexibility

Question 16

controlling one’s own thoughts to consider the perspective of others

Answer 16

cognitive inhibition

Question 17

seeing situations in different ways

Answer 17

cognitive flexibility

Question 18

global evaluations of the self

Answer 18

self-esteem/self-worth/self-image

Question 19

domain-specific evaluations of the self

Answer 19

self-concept

Question 20

belief that one can master a positive situation and produce positive outcomes

Answer 20

self-efficacy

Question 21

refer to regulating (adjusting, adapting) to oneself

Answer 21

self-regulation

Question 22

dominant theme of of middle and late childhood

Answer 22

industry

Question 23

how does industry form in middle and late childhood

Answer 23

when children are encouraged in their efforts to make build, and work

Question 24

how does inferiority form in middle and late childhood

Answer 24

parents who see their children’s efforts at making things as “mischief” or “making a mess”

Question 25

children interpret good and bad in terms of external awards and punishment

Answer 25

pre-conventional reasoning

Question 26

individuals abide by certain standards, bu they are the standards of others, such as parents or the laws of society

Answer 26

conventional reasoning

Question 27

individuals engage in deliberate checks on their reasoning to ensure that it meets high ethical standards

Answer 27

post-conventional reasoning

Question 28

states that there are different domains of social knowledge and reasoning, including moral, social conventional, and personal domains

Answer 28

domain theory of moral development

Question 29

focuses on conventional rules that have been established by social consensus: arbitrary

Answer 29

social conventional reasoning

Question 30

focuses on ethical issues and rules of morality; obligatory

Answer 30

moral reasoning

Question 31

not governed by moral reasoning or social norms

Answer 31

personal