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developmental psych > Infancy (cognitive and socio emotional development) > Flashcards

Infancy (cognitive and socio emotional development) Flashcards

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1
Q

actions or mental representations that organize knowledge

A

schemes

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2
Q

when children use their existing schemes to deal with new information or experiences

A

assimilation

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3
Q

occurs when children adjust their schemes to take new information and experiences into account

A

accommodation

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4
Q

the grouping of isolated behaviors and thoughts into a higher-order system

A

organization

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5
Q

the child inevitably experiences a cognitive conflict called ___?

A

disequilibrium

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6
Q

the mechanism by which children shift from one stage of thought to the next

A

equilibration

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7
Q

lasts from birth to about 2 yrs of age when infants construct their understanding of the world by coordinating sensory experiences

A

sensorimotor stage

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8
Q

sensation and action are coordinated primarily through reflexive behaviors such as rooting and sucking

A

simple reflexes

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9
Q

a scheme based on a reflex that has become completely separated from its eliciting stimulus

A

habit

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10
Q

a repetitive action

A

circular reaction

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11
Q

a scheme based on the attempt to reproduce an event that initially occurred by chance

A

primary circular reaction

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12
Q

infant becomes more object-oriented where schemes are repeated because of their consequences

A

secondary circular reaction

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13
Q

to progress into this substage, the infant must coordinate vision and touch, eye and hand. coordination of schemes and intentionality

A

coordination of secondary circular reactions

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14
Q

infants become intrigued by the many properties of objects and by many things that they can make happen to objects

A

tertiary circular reactions, novelty, and curiosity

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15
Q

the infant develops the ability to use primitive symbols

A

internalization of schemes

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16
Q

the understanding that objects continue to exist even when cannot be seen, heard, or touched

A

object permanence

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17
Q

focusing of mental resources on select information, improves cognitive processing on many tasks

A

attention

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18
Q

lobes of the brain involved in attention

A

parietal lobes

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19
Q

attention in the first year of life is dominated by an ____ process

A

orienting/investigative process

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20
Q

allows infants to learn about and remember characteristics of a stimulus as it becomes familiar

A

sustained/focused attention

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21
Q

infants as young as 3 months engage in how many seconds of sustained attention

A

5 - 10 seconds

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22
Q

decreased responsiveness to a stimulus after repeated presentation of the stimulus

A

habituation

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23
Q

increase in responsiveness after a change in stimulation

A

dishabituation

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24
Q

in which two or more individuals focus on the same object or event

A

joint attention

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25
Q

involves the retention of information overtime

A

memory

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26
Q

a process in which information is transferred into memory

A

encoding

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27
Q

refers to memory without conscious recollection-memories of skills and routine procedures that are performed automatically

A

implicit memory

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28
Q

refers to conscious remembering of facts and experiences

A

explicit memory

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29
Q

6 month old infants can retain information for __ hours, but by 20 months of age infants can remember information they encountered __ months earlier

A

24 hours; 12 months

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30
Q

most adults can remember little if anything from their first three years of life

A

infantile/childhood amnesia

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31
Q

cognitive groupings of similar objects, events, people, or ideas

A

concepts

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32
Q

groups of objects, events, and characteristics based on common properties

A

categorization

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33
Q

the ability to produce and comprehend an endless number of meaningful sentences using a finite set of words and rules

A

infinite generativity

34
Q

infant vocalizations

A

crying, cooing, babbling

35
Q

develops about 7-15 months with a mean age of approximately 11-12 months; consists of showing and pointing

A

gestures

36
Q

an important index of the social aspects of language

A

pointing

37
Q

words the child understands

A

receptive vocabulary

38
Q

words the child uses

A

spoken/expressive vocabulary

39
Q

rapid increase in vocabulary that begins at approximately 18 months

A

vocabulary spurt

40
Q

tendency to apply a word to objects that are inappropriate for the word’s first meaning by going beyond the set of referents an adult would use

A

overextension

41
Q

to convey meaning with just two words, the child relies heavily on gesture, tone, and context; occurs when they are 18-24 months of age

A

two-word utterances

42
Q

use partial words to convey thoughts; develops at about 12/13 months of age

A

holophrastic speech

43
Q

use of short and precise words without grammatical markers

A

telegraphic speech

44
Q

feeling or affect that occurs when a person is in a state or an interaction that is important to him or her, especially to his or her well-being

A

emotion

45
Q

the two important roles of emotions in infancy

A

communication with others
behavioral organization

46
Q

these emotions first appear in the first 6 months of the human infant’s development

A

primary emotions

47
Q

6 primary emotions

A

suprise, interest, joy, anger, sadness, fear, and disgust

48
Q

emotions that require self-awareness that involves consciousness and a sense of “me”

A

self-conscious emotions

49
Q

most important mechanism newborns have for communicating with their world

A

crying

50
Q

two emotional expressions that infants display when interacting with parents

A

cries and smiles

51
Q

a rhythmic pattern that usually consists of a cry, followed by a briefer silence, then a shorter whistle that is somewhat higher in pitch than the main cry

A

basic cry

52
Q

a variation of the basic cry in which more excess air is forced

A

anger cry

53
Q

a sudden long, initial loud cry followed by breath holding

A

pain cry

54
Q

a key social signal and a very important aspect of positive social interaction in developing a new skill

A

smiling

55
Q

a smile does not occur in response to external stimuli and appears during the first month after birth, usually during sleep

A

reflexive smile

56
Q

a smile occurs in response to an external stimulus, typically a face in the case of a young infant. occurs as early as two months of age

A

social smile

57
Q

a baby’s earliest emotion which typically appears at about 6 months of age and peaks about 18 months

A

fear

58
Q

the most frequent expression of an infant’s fear

A

stranger anxiety

59
Q

crying when the caregiver leaves

A

separation protest

60
Q

during the first year of life, the infant gradually develops an ability to __, or ___ the intensity and duration of emotional reactions

A

inhibit, minimize

61
Q

refers to individual differences in how quickly the emotion is shown, how strong it is, how long it lasts, and how quickly it fades away

A

temperament

62
Q

involves variations in the speed and intensity with which an individual responds to situations with positive or negative emotions

A

reactivity

63
Q

involves variations in the extent or effectiveness of an individual’s ability to control his or her emotions

A

self-regulation

64
Q

chess and thomas’ classifications

A

easy, difficult, slow-to-warm-up child

65
Q

generally in a positive mood, quickly establishes regular routines in infancy, and adapts easily to new experiences

A

easy child

66
Q

reacts negatively and cries frequently, engages in irregular daily routines, and is slow to accept change

A

difficult child

67
Q

low activity level, is somewhat negative , and displays a low intensity of mood

A

slow-to-warm-up child

68
Q

another way of classifying temperament focuses on the differences between a shy, subdued, timid child and a sociable, extraverted, bold child

A

kagan’s behavioral inhibition

69
Q

jerome kagan regards shyness with strangers as one feature of a broad temperament category called___

A

inhibition to the unfamiliar (7-9 months of age)

70
Q

they conclude that the following three broad dimensions best represent the structure of temperament

A

rothbart and bates’ classification

71
Q

includes approach, pleasure, activity, smiling, and laughter. kagan’s uninhibited children fit into this category

A

extrvaersion/surgency

72
Q

includes fear, frustration, sadness, and discomfort. inhibited children fit in this category

A

negative affectivity

73
Q

attentional focusing and shifting, inhibitory control, perceptual sensitivity, and low-intensity pleasure

A

effortful control

74
Q

erikson proposed that infants learn to __ when they are cared for consistently, and warmly

A

trust

75
Q

erikson stressed that _____ is an important issue in the second year of life

A

independence

76
Q

it builds as infants’ mental and motor capabilities develop

A

autonomy

77
Q

close emotional bond between two people

A

attachment

78
Q

phase 1 of attachment

A

birth to 2 months: infants instinctively direct their attachment to human figures

79
Q

phase 2 of attachment

A

from 2 to 7 months: attachment becomes focused on one figure, usually the primary caregiver, as the baby gradually learns to distinguish familiar from unfamiliar people

80
Q

phase 3 of attachment

A

from 7 to 24: specific attachments develop, babies actively seek contact with regular caregivers

81
Q

phase 4 of attachment

A

from 24 months on: children become aware of other’s feelings, goals, and plans and begin to take these into account in forming their own actions

developmental psych (11 decks)

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