Infancy (cognitive and socio emotional development)

Question 1

actions or mental representations that organize knowledge

Answer 1

schemes

Question 2

when children use their existing schemes to deal with new information or experiences

Answer 2

assimilation

Question 3

occurs when children adjust their schemes to take new information and experiences into account

Answer 3

accommodation

Question 4

the grouping of isolated behaviors and thoughts into a higher-order system

Answer 4

organization

Question 5

the child inevitably experiences a cognitive conflict called ___?

Answer 5

disequilibrium

Question 6

the mechanism by which children shift from one stage of thought to the next

Answer 6

equilibration

Question 7

lasts from birth to about 2 yrs of age when infants construct their understanding of the world by coordinating sensory experiences

Answer 7

sensorimotor stage

Question 8

sensation and action are coordinated primarily through reflexive behaviors such as rooting and sucking

Answer 8

simple reflexes

Question 9

a scheme based on a reflex that has become completely separated from its eliciting stimulus

Answer 9

habit

Question 10

a repetitive action

Answer 10

circular reaction

Question 11

a scheme based on the attempt to reproduce an event that initially occurred by chance

Answer 11

primary circular reaction

Question 12

infant becomes more object-oriented where schemes are repeated because of their consequences

Answer 12

secondary circular reaction

Question 13

to progress into this substage, the infant must coordinate vision and touch, eye and hand. coordination of schemes and intentionality

Answer 13

coordination of secondary circular reactions

Question 14

infants become intrigued by the many properties of objects and by many things that they can make happen to objects

Answer 14

tertiary circular reactions, novelty, and curiosity

Question 15

the infant develops the ability to use primitive symbols

Answer 15

internalization of schemes

Question 16

the understanding that objects continue to exist even when cannot be seen, heard, or touched

Answer 16

object permanence

Question 17

focusing of mental resources on select information, improves cognitive processing on many tasks

Answer 17

attention

Question 18

lobes of the brain involved in attention

Answer 18

parietal lobes

Question 19

attention in the first year of life is dominated by an ____ process

Answer 19

orienting/investigative process

Question 20

allows infants to learn about and remember characteristics of a stimulus as it becomes familiar

Answer 20

sustained/focused attention

Question 21

infants as young as 3 months engage in how many seconds of sustained attention

Answer 21

5 - 10 seconds

Question 22

decreased responsiveness to a stimulus after repeated presentation of the stimulus

Answer 22

habituation

Question 23

increase in responsiveness after a change in stimulation

Answer 23

dishabituation

Question 24

in which two or more individuals focus on the same object or event

Answer 24

joint attention

Question 25

involves the retention of information overtime

Answer 25

memory

Question 26

a process in which information is transferred into memory

Answer 26

encoding

Question 27

refers to memory without conscious recollection-memories of skills and routine procedures that are performed automatically

Answer 27

implicit memory

Question 28

refers to conscious remembering of facts and experiences

Answer 28

explicit memory

Question 29

6 month old infants can retain information for __ hours, but by 20 months of age infants can remember information they encountered __ months earlier

Answer 29

24 hours; 12 months

Question 30

most adults can remember little if anything from their first three years of life

Answer 30

infantile/childhood amnesia

Question 31

cognitive groupings of similar objects, events, people, or ideas

Answer 31

concepts

Question 32

groups of objects, events, and characteristics based on common properties

Answer 32

categorization

Question 33

the ability to produce and comprehend an endless number of meaningful sentences using a finite set of words and rules

Answer 33

infinite generativity

Question 34

infant vocalizations

Answer 34

crying, cooing, babbling

Question 35

develops about 7-15 months with a mean age of approximately 11-12 months; consists of showing and pointing

Answer 35

gestures

Question 36

an important index of the social aspects of language

Answer 36

pointing

Question 37

words the child understands

Answer 37

receptive vocabulary

Question 38

words the child uses

Answer 38

spoken/expressive vocabulary

Question 39

rapid increase in vocabulary that begins at approximately 18 months

Answer 39

vocabulary spurt

Question 40

tendency to apply a word to objects that are inappropriate for the word's first meaning by going beyond the set of referents an adult would use

Answer 40

overextension

Question 41

to convey meaning with just two words, the child relies heavily on gesture, tone, and context; occurs when they are 18-24 months of age

Answer 41

two-word utterances

Question 42

use partial words to convey thoughts; develops at about 12/13 months of age

Answer 42

holophrastic speech

Question 43

use of short and precise words without grammatical markers

Answer 43

telegraphic speech

Question 44

feeling or affect that occurs when a person is in a state or an interaction that is important to him or her, especially to his or her well-being

Answer 44

emotion

Question 45

the two important roles of emotions in infancy

Answer 45

communication with others behavioral organization

Question 46

these emotions first appear in the first 6 months of the human infant's development

Answer 46

primary emotions

Question 47

6 primary emotions

Answer 47

suprise, interest, joy, anger, sadness, fear, and disgust

Question 48

emotions that require self-awareness that involves consciousness and a sense of "me"

Answer 48

self-conscious emotions

Question 49

most important mechanism newborns have for communicating with their world

Answer 49

crying

Question 50

two emotional expressions that infants display when interacting with parents

Answer 50

cries and smiles

Question 51

a rhythmic pattern that usually consists of a cry, followed by a briefer silence, then a shorter whistle that is somewhat higher in pitch than the main cry

Answer 51

basic cry

Question 52

a variation of the basic cry in which more excess air is forced

Answer 52

anger cry

Question 53

a sudden long, initial loud cry followed by breath holding

Answer 53

pain cry

Question 54

a key social signal and a very important aspect of positive social interaction in developing a new skill

Answer 54

smiling

Question 55

a smile does not occur in response to external stimuli and appears during the first month after birth, usually during sleep

Answer 55

reflexive smile

Question 56

a smile occurs in response to an external stimulus, typically a face in the case of a young infant. occurs as early as two months of age

Answer 56

social smile

Question 57

a baby's earliest emotion which typically appears at about 6 months of age and peaks about 18 months

Answer 57

fear

Question 58

the most frequent expression of an infant's fear

Answer 58

stranger anxiety

Question 59

crying when the caregiver leaves

Answer 59

separation protest

Question 60

during the first year of life, the infant gradually develops an ability to __, or ___ the intensity and duration of emotional reactions

Answer 60

inhibit, minimize

Question 61

refers to individual differences in how quickly the emotion is shown, how strong it is, how long it lasts, and how quickly it fades away

Answer 61

temperament

Question 62

involves variations in the speed and intensity with which an individual responds to situations with positive or negative emotions

Answer 62

reactivity

Question 63

involves variations in the extent or effectiveness of an individual's ability to control his or her emotions

Answer 63

self-regulation

Question 64

chess and thomas' classifications

Answer 64

easy, difficult, slow-to-warm-up child

Question 65

generally in a positive mood, quickly establishes regular routines in infancy, and adapts easily to new experiences

Answer 65

easy child

Question 66

reacts negatively and cries frequently, engages in irregular daily routines, and is slow to accept change

Answer 66

difficult child

Question 67

low activity level, is somewhat negative , and displays a low intensity of mood

Answer 67

slow-to-warm-up child

Question 68

another way of classifying temperament focuses on the differences between a shy, subdued, timid child and a sociable, extraverted, bold child

Answer 68

kagan's behavioral inhibition

Question 69

jerome kagan regards shyness with strangers as one feature of a broad temperament category called___

Answer 69

inhibition to the unfamiliar (7-9 months of age)

Question 70

they conclude that the following three broad dimensions best represent the structure of temperament

Answer 70

rothbart and bates' classification

Question 71

includes approach, pleasure, activity, smiling, and laughter. kagan's uninhibited children fit into this category

Answer 71

extrvaersion/surgency

Question 72

includes fear, frustration, sadness, and discomfort. inhibited children fit in this category

Answer 72

negative affectivity

Question 73

attentional focusing and shifting, inhibitory control, perceptual sensitivity, and low-intensity pleasure

Answer 73

effortful control

Question 74

erikson proposed that infants learn to __ when they are cared for consistently, and warmly

Answer 74

trust

Question 75

erikson stressed that _____ is an important issue in the second year of life

Answer 75

independence

Question 76

it builds as infants' mental and motor capabilities develop

Answer 76

autonomy

Question 77

close emotional bond between two people

Answer 77

attachment

Question 78

phase 1 of attachment

Answer 78

birth to 2 months: infants instinctively direct their attachment to human figures

Question 79

phase 2 of attachment

Answer 79

from 2 to 7 months: attachment becomes focused on one figure, usually the primary caregiver, as the baby gradually learns to distinguish familiar from unfamiliar people

Question 80

phase 3 of attachment

Answer 80

from 7 to 24: specific attachments develop, babies actively seek contact with regular caregivers

Question 81

phase 4 of attachment

Answer 81

from 24 months on: children become aware of other's feelings, goals, and plans and begin to take these into account in forming their own actions