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developmental psych > Intro to Dev Psy > Flashcards

Intro to Dev Psy Flashcards

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1
Q

the branch of psychology that studies the changes–physical, cognitive, and psychosocial–that occur from conception to old age and investigate various factors that affect development throughout the lifespan

A

developmental psychology

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2
Q

the average number of years that a person born in a
particular year can expect to live.

A

life expectancy

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3
Q

early adulthood is not the endpoint of development; no age period dominates development

A

development is lifelong

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4
Q

your body, mind, emotions, and relationships are changing and affecting each other

A

development is multidimensional

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5
Q

some dimensions or components of a dimension expand and others shrink

A

development is multi-directional

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6
Q

capacity for change

A

development is plastic

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7
Q

psychologists, sociologists, anthropologists, neuroscientists, and medical researchers all share an interest in unlocking the mysteries of development through the life span

A

development is multidisciplinary

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8
Q

all development occurs within a context or setting

A

development is contextual

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9
Q

context exerts 3 types of influences

A

normative age-graded influences, normative history-graded influences, non-normative life events

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10
Q

are similar for individuals in a particular age group

A

normative age-graded influences

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11
Q

common to people of a particular generation because of historical circumstances

A

normative history-graded influences

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12
Q

unusual occurrences that have a major impact on the lives of individual people

A

non-normative life events

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13
Q

the mastery of life often involves ______ and _____among three goals of human development:______

A

conflict, competition; growth, maintenance, and regulation of loss

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14
Q

development is a co-construction of _______,_______, _______ factors working together

A

biology, culture, and the individual

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15
Q

In terms of individual factors, we can go beyond what our _______ and our ______ give us

A

genetic inheritance, environment

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16
Q

changes in an individual’s physical nature

A

biological processes

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17
Q

refers to changes in the individuals’ thought, intelligence, and language

A

cognitive processes

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18
Q

involves changes in the individual’s relationships with other people, changes in emotions, and changes in personality

A

socioemotional processes

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19
Q

four “ages” of lifespan development

A

first age: childhood and adolescence
second: prime adulthood; ages 20-59
third: approximately 60-79
fourth age: approximately 80 and >

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20
Q

3 development patterns of aging

A

normal aging, pathological aging, successful aging

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21
Q

psychological functioning often peaks in early middle age, remains stable until the late 50s to early 60s, and decline through the early 80s

A

normal aging

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22
Q

individuals who show greater than average decline as they age through adult years

A

pathological aging

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23
Q

individuals whose positive physical, cognitive, and socio-emotional development is maintained longer

A

successful aging

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24
Q

An increasing number of studies indicate that in the US ____ are ____ as they age

A

adults; happier

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25
Q

____% were very happy at age _____ compared with only about _____% in their _________

A

33%, 88; 24, late teens and early twenties

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26
Q

some studies indicate that the lowest levels of life satisfaction occur in the ________

A

middle age (45-54 years old)

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27
Q

conceptions of age

A

chronological age, psychological age, biological age, social age

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28
Q

number of years that have elapsed since birth

A

chronological age

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29
Q

individual’s adaptive capacities compared with those of other individuals of the same chronological age

A

psychological age

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30
Q

person’s age in terms of biological health

A

biological age

31
Q

connectedness with others and the social roles individuals adopt

A

social age

32
Q

developmental issues

A

nature and nurture
stability and change
continuity and discontinuity

33
Q

what does the nature-nurture issue discuss?

A

the extent to which development is influenced by nature and by nurture

34
Q

what does the stability-change issue discuss?

A

the degree to which early traits and characteristics persist through life or change

35
Q

what does the continuity-discontinuity issue discuss?

A

the degree to which development involves either gradual cumulative change (continuity) or distinct changes (discontinuity)

36
Q

what are psychoanalytic theories?

A

describe development as primarily unconscious and heavily colored by emotion

37
Q

psychoanalytic theorists emphasize that behavior is merely a _______ and that a true understanding of development requires analyzing the ________of ______

A

surface characteristic; symbolic meaning; behavior

38
Q

what composes the psychodynamic theories?

A

sigmund freud’s psychoanalytic theory and erik erikson’s psychosocial theory

39
Q

how does the psychosexual stages of development work?

A

focus of pleasure and sexual impulses shift from the mouth to the anus and eventually to the genitals

40
Q

relation of the psychosexual stages of development to adult personality

A

adult personality is determined by the way we resolve conflicts between sources of pleasure at each stage and the demands of reality

41
Q

the five psychosexual stages of development

A

oral, anal, phallic, latency, genital

42
Q

primary motivation for human behavior is social in nature and reflects a desire to affiliate with people

A

erikson’s psychosocial stages of development

43
Q

what happens at each stage in erikson’s theory

A

a unique developmental task confronts the individual with a crisis must be resolved

44
Q

what is crisis according to erikson?

A

crisis is not a catastrophe but a turning point

45
Q

what are cognitive theories?

A

emphasize conscious thoughts

46
Q

what are the three cognitive theories?

A

jean piaget’s theory of cognitive development
lev vygotsky’s sociocultural cognitive theory
george-miller’s information processing theory

47
Q

what happenss at piaget’s cognitive development theory?

A

children go through four stages of cognitive development as they actively construct their understanding of the world

48
Q

two processes underlie this cognitive construction of the world

A

organization and adaptation

49
Q

coordinating sensory experiences with physical actions

A

sensorimotor stage

50
Q

represent the world with words and images; increased symbolic thinking

A

pre-operational stage

51
Q

the child can now reason logically about concrete events and classify objects into different sets

A

concrete operational stage

52
Q

the adolescent reasons in more abstract, idealistic, and logical ways

A

formal operational stage

53
Q

social interaction and culture have far more important roles in cognitive development

A

vgostsky’s sociocultural cognitive theory

54
Q

the area of knowledge just beyond the child’s abilities

A

zone of proximal development

55
Q

the kind of support adults and teachers present when children are asked to explain their reasoning for learning

A

scaffolding

56
Q

individuals manipulate information, monitor it, and strategize about it

A

information-processing theory

57
Q

proposes that children develop their cognitive abilities in an _____ manner

A

incremental

58
Q

children become better at solving problems, they develop more conscious awareness of their cognitive activities and use them to strategize

A

metacognition

59
Q

behavioral and social cognitive theories

A

b.f. skinner’s operant conditioning
albert bandura’s social cognitive theory

60
Q

the consequences of behavior produce changes in the probability of the behavior’s occurrence

A

skinner’s operant conditioning

61
Q

skinner emphasized that development consists of the _____ of _______changes that are brought about by rewards and punishment

A

patterns; behavioral

62
Q

holds that behavior, environment, and cognition are the key factors in development

A

bandura’s social cognitive theory

63
Q

people acquire a wide range of _____, _______, ______through ______ others’ behavior and these observations play a central role in lifespan development

A

behaviors, thoughts, feelings; observing

64
Q

what composes ethological theories?

A

john bowlby’s attachment theory
konrad lorenz’s imprinting theory

65
Q

in bowlby’s theory, _____ to a caregiver over the _____ year of life has important consequences throughout the lifespan

A

attachment; first

66
Q

in lorenz’s theory, ______needs to take place at a certain, very early time in the life of the animal, or else it will not take place. This point in time is called a ________

A

imprinting; critical period

67
Q

holds that development reflects the influence of several environmental systems

A

urie bronfenbrenner’s ecological theories

68
Q

setting in which the individual lives

A

microsystem

69
Q

involves relations between microsystems

A

mesosystem

70
Q

consists of links between a social setting in which the individual does not have an active role and the individual’s immediate context

A

exosystem

71
Q

involves the culture in which individuals live

A

macrosystem

72
Q

consists of the patterning of environmental events and transitions over the life course

A

chronosystem

73
Q

an orientation that does not follow any one theoretical approach but rather selects from each theory whatever is considered the best in it

A

eclectic theoretical approach theory

developmental psych (11 decks)

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