Prenatal Development Flashcards
Average weight gain during pregnancy:
20-35lbs
pregnancy produced hypertension
Preeclampsia
Peeclampsia SandS (5)
- Significant change in BP after 24wk marker
- Sudden increase/change in edema
- excessive weight gain (beyond 35 lbs)
- Headaches
- Visual disturbances
Each egg and sperm has # chromosomes.
23
A person’s 46 chromosomes have about # genes.
25,000
The first 22 pairs of chromosomes are called _____.
autosomes
The 23rd pair of chromosomes are _____ chromosomes.
sex
The functional units of heredity; they determine the production of chemical substance that are the foundation for characteristics and abilities
genes
_____ regulate the development of all human characteristics and abilities
genes
the complete set of genes that make up a person’s heredity
genotype
features that are produced from the interaction between genes and the environment
phenotype
genotypes produce ______. If the alleles are the same they typically produce that ______. If they are different, depends on dominant or recessive alleles
phenotypes
If 2 alleles for disease are present, the child is ____ ____ to develop the disease.
more likely
When the ____/____ have more or less than 23 chromosomes, the individual does not receive 46 chromosomes.
sperm/egg
Abnormal ______ chromosome pairings can also disrupt development
sex
traits that are controlled by a single gene
either-or phenotypes
Many separate genes influence behavioral and psychological characteristics
polygenic inheritance
Studies use twins and adopted children to better understand ____ ____.
poygenic inheritance
_____ influences typically make children within a family different.
environmental
prenatal development lasts on average __#__ weeks.
38
Prenatal development begins when:
sperm successfully fertilizes an egg
The 3 stages of prenatal development are:
- zygote
- embryo
- fetus
1st trimester is week # to week #
week 1 - week 12
2nd trimester is week # to week #
week 13 - week 27
3rd trimester is week # to week #
week 28 - birth
Stage where there is a newly fertilized egg. 2 individual sets of 23 chromosomes are interchanged, one from each parent
Zygote Stage
Zygote stage’s time frame ranges:
from conception to early implantation (week 1 and 2)
Stage where development includes:
- umbilical cord
- eyes, arms and legs
- brain and nervous system
- heart starts to beat around 4 weeks
Embryo stage
during the _____ stage, blood vessels allow exchange of nutrients, oxygen, vitamins, and waste products through the umbilical cord
Embryo Stage
_____ is most sensitive to environmental toxins
embryo
Stage where:
- fetus starts weighing less than an ounce and gains about 7-8 pounds by the end of pregnancy
- all regions of the brain grow
- systems develop
- movements are now obvious
- sense begin to work
- sensory experiences form memories
Fetal Stage
A fetus can survive outside the womb at # - _#_weeks.
22-28
The fetal stage time frame:
9th week to birth
embryo stage time frame:
3 weeks through 8 weeks of pregnancy
There are # stages of labor and delivery
3
Labor and delivery stage 1 may last:
12-24 hours. Contractions start
Labor and delivery stage 2:
when the baby passes through the cervix and enter the vagina
Labor and delivery stage 3:
after birth, placenta is delivered
Immediately after delivery 3 things happen to the mother:
- breasts begin to produce milk
- uterus becomes smaller
- female hormones drop
Roughly half of new mothers experience:
“baby blues”
After delivery excitement turns to irritability and crying spells. Lasts about a week or two
“baby blues”
about 10-15% of women experience
post-partum depression
irritability continues for months and is combined with feelings of low self worth, poor appetite, and disturbed sleep
post-partum depression
babies born before 36 weeks
preterm (premature)
low birth weight:
<5.5lbs
very low birth weight:
<3.3lbs
extremely low birth weight:
<2.2lbs
4 other common birth complications:
- cephalopelvic disproportion
- irregular position, shoulder or breech
- preeclampsia
- prolapsed umbilical cord- can cause hypoxia
an agent that causes abnormal prenatal development (drugs, disease, environmental hazards)
teratogens
4 common examples of prenatal environmental influences:
- prescription drugs
- illegal drugs
- tobacco
- alcohol
prenatal environmental influences are dependent on”
- dose
- heredity
- age
the impact of ______ change during different times of prenatal development
teratogens
____ do not effect all body systems, different forms warrant different damages
teratogens
not all damages associated with teratogens are ____ and _____ at birth
evident and noticeable
_____ hormones cross placenta
stress
4 common maternal factors:
- nutrition
- stress
- Rh factor
- Maternal age
sound waves introduced via transducer converted into images
fetal ultrasound
______ determines fetus’ growth; presence of developmental abnormalities
fetal ultrasound
amniotic fluid extracted used to identify chromosomal or genetic abnormalities
amniocentesis
diagnostic test from taking a sample of tissue from the chorion (part of the placenta)
CVS chorionic villus sampling
incomplete closure of neural tube early in pregnancy
spina bifida
disorder that slows physical growth. Leads to physical abnormalities, cardiac problems, decreased motor coordination, behavioral problems and poor cognitive functioning
FAS Fetal alcohol syndrome
____ constricts blood vessel and reduces oxygen and nutrients that can reach the fetus via placenta.
smoking
women who ____ are more likely to miscarry
smoke
babies born from smoking mothers are more likely to:
have low birth weight
_______ can also cause babies to be smaller at birth
second hand smoke
