Intro to Human Development Flashcards
changes in human performance dependent on maturation
development
multidisciplinary study on how people change and remain the same over time
human development
quantitative/measurable changes that occur over time e.g. height, weight, etc.
growth
qualitative changes related to growth; physical, emotional and intellectual development
maturation
acquisition of a new skill/behavior related to interaction with the environment; involves repetition and practice
learning
ability/process to anticipate and react to a stimulus by modification
adaptation
biopsychosocial framework: genetics and lifestyle factors
biological
biopsychosocial framework: cognitive, emotional, peronality, perceptual factors
psychological
biopsychosocial framework: racial, cultural, societal, ethnic factors
sociocultural
biopsychosocial framework: differences in how the same events affect people of different ages “Timing is everything”
life-cycle
List Characteristics of human development (3)
- Nature and nurture
- continuity and discontinuity
- universal and context-specific
What is nature vs nurture?
nature - influences of genetics or hereditary
nurture - influences of experiences and environment
What is continuity vs. discontinuity
smooth progression vs. series of abrupt shifts
What is universal and context-specific?
universal - all follow same path of development
context-specific - interactions with environment shape development
development is largely determined by how well people resolve conflicts at different ages
psychodynamic theory
A personality developed by interaction of an internal maturational plan and external societal demands
Life cycle = 8 stages. Order is biologically fixed
Erik Erikson’s Psychosocial Theory
development determined by learning from experiences or from observation
learning theory
consequences of behavior determine if behavior is repeated in the future
B.F. Skinner - Behaviorism: operant conditioning
people learn appropriate behaviors by imitation; self-efficacy determines what behaviors are imitated
Bandura - Social learning theory
focused on how people think and how thinking changes over time
Cognitive-developmental theory
Cognitive-developmental theory influences (3):
- Piaget’s theory
- Information-processing theory
- Vygotsky’s Theory
children develop cognitively through environmental interactions which leads to more sophisticated understanding and reasoning; adaptation is key.
Piaget’s Theory
The 4 stages of Piaget’s Theory:
- Sensorimotor
- Preoperational thought
- Concrete operational thought
- Formal operational thought
developmental changes reflective of mental hardware (cognitive structures that allow storage of information) and mental software (cognitive processes that allow completion of tasks)
Information-processing theory
emphasized sociocultural influences on thinking; children develop by learning values, customs, and cultural beliefs from adults
Vygotsky’s Theory
focused on the complex, multi-level environmental influences on development
ecological and systems theory
? development within a series of interactive systems: 1. Microsystem - ? 2. Mesosystem - ? 3. Exosystem - ? 4. Macrosystem - ?
Bronfenbrenner’s theory
- Microsystem - immediate environment
- Mesosystem - connections between microsystems
- Exosystem - social settings that do not include person
- Macrosystem - cultures and subcultures
abilities reflect systems in which a person lives
competence-environmental press theory
Lifelong development theory’s 3 influences:
- life-span perspective
- selective optimization with compensation model
- life-course perspective
human development is multi-determined and cannot be understood within the scope of a single framework
life-span perspective
4 features or Life-Span Perspective:
- ______ - involves both growth and decline
- _____ - skills can be learned or improved with practice
- _____ - influence of historical time and culture
- _____ - influences of biopsychosocial framework
- multidirectionality
- plasticity
- historical context
- multiple causation
Three processes that generate and regulate behaviors as person ages for successful adaptation
Selective Optimization with Compensation Model
Selective Optimization with Compensation Model
- _____ - from a range of opportunities or possibilities; may involve change in goals
- _____ - goals stay the same but an alternative way to achieve the goal is needed
- _____ - best match possible between resources and desired goals
- Selection
- Compensation
- Optimization
considers generational experiences in relation to respective historical contexts
Life-Course Perspective
