ch 3 Flashcards
unlearned responses triggered by specific stimulation
reflexes
Newborn health assessment that measures 5 vital signs: breathing, heart rate, muscle tone, presence of reflexes, and skin tone.
Apgar score
Apgar score must be # or higher to indicate that the baby is in good physical condition
7
comprehensive newborn assessment scale that provides a detailed report of newborn to 24 month-old’s behavior.
Neonatal Behavioral Assessment (NBA)
The NBA includes 28 behavioral items along with 18 items that test reflexes. The baby’s performance is used to evaluate the functioning of these 4 systems:
- autonomic
- motor
- state (ability to maintain state)
- social
The 4 newborn states:
- Alert inactivity
- Waking activity
- Crying
- Sleeping
the state which a baby is calm, with eyes open and attentive, and seems to be deliberately inspecting its environment
alert inactivity
the state in which a baby’s eyes are open but seem unfocused while the arms or legs move in bursts of uncoordinated motion
waking activity
the state in which a baby cries vigorously, usually accompanied by agitated but uncoordinated movement
crying
the state in which a baby alternates from being still and breathing regularly to moving gently and breathing irregularly, with the eyes closed throughout
sleeping
a cry that starts softly, gradually becomes more intense, and is often heard when babies are hungry or tired.
basic cry
a more intense version of a basic cry
mad cry
Newborns sleep 16 to 18 hours a day and typically go through a cycle of wakefulness and sleep about every # hours.
4 hours
roughly half of a newborns’ sleep period is __________. _____ sleep drops to about 33% by the child’s first birthday
irregular, or rapid eye movement sleep (REM)
a cry that begins with a sudden long burst, followed by a long pause and gasping
pain cry
sleep in which an infant’s eyes dart rapidly beneath the eyelids while the body is quite active
irregular or rapid-eye-movement sleep (REM)
sleep in which heart rate, breathing, and brain activity are steady
regular (non-REM) sleep
SIDS occurs in infants ___ to ____ old. Most SIDS deaths are between # and # months of age due to waning reflexes.
- 1 to 12 months
- 2 and 4 months
a consistent style or pattern of behavior
temperament
Rothbart’s theory on temperament includes 3 dimensions:
- surgency/extroversion (extent to which child is happy, active, vocal, seeks stimulation)
- negative affect (extent to which child is angry, fearful, frustrated, shy, and easily soothed)
- Effortful control (extent to which child focuses attention, is not readily distracted, and can inhibit responses)
infants ____ their birth weight by 3 months of age and triple it by their first birthday
double
At roughly 3 weeks after conception, a group of cells form a flat structure known as the _____.
neural plate
As the number of dendrites increases, so does the number of synapses, reaching a peak around the first birthday. Soon after, synapses disappear gradually, a phenomenon known as ________.
synaptic pruning
the process by which the wiring of the brain is organized by experiences that are common to most humans
experience-expectant growth
By # months infants can sit alone, by # months they can creep, and by # months they can walk with assistance.
7 months, 10 months, 14 months
coordinated movements of the muscles and limbs
motor skills
the ability to move around in the world
locomotion
body movements associated with grasping, holding, and manipulating objects
fine motor skills
the theory that views motor development as involving many distinct skills that are organized and reorganized over time to meet specific needs
dynamic systems theory
distinguishing and mastering individual motions
differentiation
linking individual motions into a coherent, coordinated whole
integration
Newborns have a ____ sense of smell. They respond positively to pleasant smells and negatively to unpleasant smells.
keen, good
Newborns have a highly developed sense of taste: they readily differentiate ____, ____, and ____ sweet tastes.
salty, sour, bitter
newborns and 1-month-olds see at ____ feet what normal adults see at 200 to 400 feet.
20 feet
processes by which the brain receives, selects, modifies, and organizes incoming nerve impulses that are the result of physical stimulation
perception
a glass-covered platform that appears to have a “shallow” side and a “deep” side and is used to study infants’ depth perception
visual cliff
a kinetic cue to depth perception that is based on an object filling an ever-greater proportion of the retina as it moves closer
visual expansion
a kinetic cue to depth perception based on nearby objects moving across our visual field faster than distant moving objects
motion parallax
a way of inferring depth based on differences in the retinal images in the left and right eyes
retinal disparity
cues to depth perception that are used to convey depth in drawings and paintings
pictorial cues
a cue to depth perception based on parallel lines coming together at a single point in the distance
linear perspective
a perceptual cue to depth based on the texture of objects changing from coarse and distinct for nearby objects to finer and less distinct for distant objects
texture gradient
being attuned to information presented simultaneously to different sensory modes
intersensory redundancy
ideas about connections between thoughts, beliefs, intentions, and behavior that create an intuitive understanding of the link between mind and behavior
theory of mind
