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mdcat > premed.pk test 2 > Flashcards

premed.pk test 2 Flashcards

1
Q

what is a bacteriophage?

A

a virus that infects bacteria

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2
Q

which virus contains single stranded DNA?

A

parvo virus

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3
Q

how many tail fibers are attached to the end plate of a bacteriophage?

A

6

tail fibers: help phage attach to specific receptors on the surface of the bacterial host cell

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4
Q

the enzymes integrase, protease, and reverse transcriptase are found in what type of virus?

A

retrovirus

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5
Q

each carrier in electron transport chain is first _______ then _______.

A

reduced, oxidized

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6
Q

what does electron transport chain explain?

A

mechanism of ATP synthesis

during oxidative phosphorylation, which is the final stage of cellular respiration, the ETC creates a proton gradient across the inner mitochondrial membrane. this gradient drives the synthesis of ATP through the action of ATP synthase

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7
Q

what is the color of chlorophyll-b molecule?

A

yellowish-green

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8
Q

upon initial hydrolysis, what does starch break down into?

A

maltose (disaccharide composed of 2 glucose molecules bonded together)

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9
Q

human bone cells contain ______% water?

A

20%

(water is present in the extracellular matrix, filling the spaces between the collagen fibers and mineralized crystals)

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10
Q

condensation vs. hydrolysis

A

condensation (also called dehydration synthesis): chemical reaction where 2 molecules combine to form a larger molecule, typically accompanied by the release of water

hydrolysis: process of breaking down a molecule by adding water

they are reverse processes of each other

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11
Q

proteins are the main ____________ components of the cell?

A

structural

  • involved in structural integrity and organization of the cells, structure & function of organelles
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12
Q

prokaryote vs. eukaryote

A

prokaryote: lacks true nucleus and membrane-bound organelles

eukaryote: has a defined nucleus and membrane-bound organelles in its cells

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13
Q

archaea

A

group of micro-organisms that are similar to, but evolutionary distinct from bacteria

  • known for living in extreme conditions, such as hyper salty areas and high pressures
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14
Q

cell wall may be absent in which of the following?

A

bacteria & archaea

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15
Q

mesosomes

A

structures formed by the invagination of plasma membrane (plasma membrane folds in to create a pocket)

  • associated with cell division and DNA replication in prokaryotic cells
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16
Q

3 double bound organelles

A

mitochondria, nucleus, and chloroplast

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17
Q

murein

A

also called peptidoglycan

main component of bacterial cell walls & provides rigidity and shape to the bacterial wall

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18
Q

common between prokaryotes and eukaryotes

A

ribosomes, cytoplasm, cell wall

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19
Q

the neurotransmitter active outside the central nervous system is

A

acetylcholine

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20
Q

hormone produced by placenta is

A

progesterone

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21
Q

meninges

A

3 layers of protective membrane that surround and encase brain and spinal cord

inner: pia mater
middle: arachnoid mater
outer: dura mater

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22
Q

round worms belong to which phylum?

A

Nematoda

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23
Q

enzymes lower the activation energy by

A

changing conditions within the active site

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24
Q

competitive inhibitors compete with?

A

substrate

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25
Q

Ernst Haeckel’s biogenetic law

A

“ontogeny recapitulates phylogeny”

development of an individual organism (ontogeny) follows the same sequence of evolutionary changes seen in the evolutionary history of the species (phylogeny)

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26
Q

hepatic portal vein

A

carries digested food from intestines to the liver

(collects nutrients that are absorbed and transports them directly to the liver for processing and distributing)

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27
Q

hepatic artery & hepatic vein

A

hepatic artery: responsible for supplying oxygenated blood to the liver

hepatic vein: responsible for draining deoxygenated blood from the liver and returning it to the heart

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28
Q

antibodies

A

also called immunoglobulins

proteins produced by white blood cells in response to antigens

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29
Q

antigens

A

foreign substances that trigger an immune response

30
Q

lymphatic vessels

A
  • help transport a clear fluid called lymph throughout the body
  • help maintain fluid balance, remove toxins and cellular waste, and support immune response by filtering out harmful substances
  • also carry lymphocytes to where they are needed to fight infections and protect against diseases
31
Q

where do the lymphatic vessels of the body empty lymph into the bloodstream at?

A

subclavian veins (located near the collarbone area)

32
Q

where do the lymphatic vessels of the body empty lymph into the bloodstream at?

A

subclavian veins (located near the collarbone area)

33
Q

pre-capillary sphincters

A

adjust the flow of blood in the capillaries, by constricting and contracting, based on tissue needs

34
Q

difference b/w capillaries, arteries, and veins

A

capillaries: responsible for the exchange of substances between blood and tissues

arteries: carry oxygenated blood away from the heart

veins: carry deoxygenated blood back to the heart

35
Q

osmotic pressure

A

pressure exerted by a solution when it is separated by a semi-permeable membrane from pure water

36
Q

respiratory surfaces exhibit which characteristic?

A

permeability

(respiratory surfaces, such as alveoli in the lungs, must be permeable to allow the exchange of gases through diffusion)

37
Q

gram-negative bacterial cell wall

A

a protective outer layer that some types of bacteria have

  • protect bacteria and help maintain its shape
  • consists of 2 layers
38
Q

gram-positive vs. gram-negative bacteria

A

gram-positive: often associated with infections like throat infections, pneumonia, and certain types of food poisoning

gram-negative: linked to infections like urinary tract infections, respiratory infections, and some gastrointestinal infections

39
Q

Nitrifying bacteria

A

special types of bacteria that help turn harmful substances called ammonia and nitrite into safer forms called nitrate

40
Q

each human testes contains _______ lobules

A

250-300 lobules

lobules = small compartments for responsible for producing and storing sperm

41
Q

leydig cells

A

also called interstitial cells

responsible for production and release of testosterone in males

42
Q

avascular

A

meaning does not contain blood vessels

43
Q

creatine-P04

A

also known as phosphocreatine

muscle component that acts as a store for energy

44
Q

what is NOT found in skeletal muscle fibers in human

A

large amount of hemoglobin

45
Q

hinge joint

A

type of joint that allows movement in just one direction, back and forth

  • present in elbows and knees, move back and forth and not to the side
46
Q

test cross

A

used to check the genotype of a trait

unknown x tt

47
Q

hypophosphatemic rickets + inheritance pattern

A

rare condition where the bones in the body don’t develop properly due to low levels of phosphorus, leading to weak and soft bones

  • X linked dominant
48
Q

pedigree analysis

A

most commonly used method to trace mode of inheritance in humans

(circles and squares thing)

49
Q

amu stands for

A

atomic mass unit

1/12th of a carbon

50
Q

the probability of finding an electron at a certain position is possible due to which scientist’s principle?

A

Schrödinger

51
Q

what did bohr theorize

A

electrons exist in orbitals

52
Q

canal ray particles

A

positively charged ions that are produced in a discharge tube when a high voltage is applied across a gas at a low pressure

  • mass to charge ratio determines deflection so the lighter the particles, the greater their deflection
53
Q

partial pressure formula

A

partial pressure = total pressure x fraction of gas

54
Q

if we want to raise the temp of one mole of an ideal gas by one kelvin, we have to provide how much energy?

A

0.0821 dm^3-atm

55
Q

the process of heat flow between hotter and colder gases remains continued until all the molecules have equal

A

average translational kinetic energy

56
Q

average translational kinetic energy

A

average energy associated with the movement of particles (atoms or molecules) as they move in a straight line in a given substance

57
Q

average rotational kinetic energy

A

average energy associated with the spinning or rotational motion of particles (atoms or molecules) within a substance

58
Q

kinetic vs potential energy

A

kinetic energy: energy of motion

potential energy: energy stored in an object due to its position or condition

59
Q

vapor pressure

A

pressure exerted by the vapor (gas) of a substance when it’s in equilibrium with its liquid or solid form

(like the “push” of gas molecules escaping from a liquid or solid into the air above it)

  • primarily determined by the temp of the liquid, the IMF’s, and the size of the molecule
60
Q

unit cell

A

smallest repeating unit of a crystal lattice that contains all the information about the crystal’s structure

(kinda like a building block that’s repeated over and over to make up a larger crystal)

61
Q

atomic solid

A

individual atoms that are tightly packed together and arranged in a repeating pattern, like a grid

62
Q

common ion effect

A

decrease in solubility of a salt in a solution that already contains an ion common to the salt

63
Q

precipitation occurs if the ionic concentration is

A

more than ksp

(ionic concentration exceeds solubility product, so then excess ions come together and form solid precipitate)

64
Q

Le Chatelier’s principle helps with

A

predicting the direction in which a system at equilibrium will shift in response to a change in conditions

65
Q

to find overall order of a reaction

A

add up the individual orders

66
Q

state function

A

properties that depend only on the current state of a system and are independent of the path taken to reach that state

67
Q

an electrochemical cell is based on which reaction

A

redox reactions

(redox reactions involve the transfer of electrons between species, which is facilitated through the separation of oxidation and reduction half-reactions, which occur at different electrodes)

68
Q

ionic character

A

the extent to which atoms share electrons (the extent that one atom takes electrons)

  • high ionic character: giving and taking electrons, larger electronegativity difference
  • low ionic character: sharing electrons equally, lower electronegativity difference
69
Q

coordinate bonds

A

one atom provides electrons to another to form bond. like sharing electrons but one atom is providing both electrons

70
Q

freon is commonly known as

A

refrigerant

refrigerant: substances used in refrigeration systems and air conditioning units to transfer heat from one area to another

71
Q

conjugate bonds

A

special arrangement of alternating single and double bonds

72
Q
A

mdcat (11 decks)

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