NUMS physics Flashcards
displacement + formula
displacement: straight-line distance b/w your starting point and your ending point
- change in position of an object
- is a vector quantity
displacement = final position - initial position
scalar vs vector quantity
scalar: only have magnitude
vector: have both magnitude AND direction
Displacement-Time Graph
Slope: Represents velocity
Straight Line: Constant velocity (no acceleration)
Curved Line: Changing velocity (acceleration).
Velocity-Time Graph
Slope: Represents acceleration
Area Under the Curve: Represents displacement
Horizontal Line: Constant velocity (zero acceleration)
Sloping Line: Constant acceleration.
Curve: Changing acceleration.
Acceleration-Time Graph
Horizontal Line: Constant acceleration.
Area Under the Curve: Represents change in velocity.
Force vs. Acceleration Graph (for Newton’s Second Law)
Slope: Represents mass (F = m⋅a)
Straight Line: Indicates that force and acceleration are directly proportional (with mass as the constant).
Deleted
Projectile Motion Graphs
Trajectory (Position) Graph: Parabolic curve representing the path of a projectile.
Horizontal Distance vs. Time: straight line indicating constant horizontal velocity.
Vertical Distance vs. Time: Parabolic curve showing vertical displacement over time.
Force vs. Time Graph
The area under the curve represents impulse, which is equal to the change in momentum.
velocity + formula
the speed of something in a specific direction
- speed doesn’t include direction but velocity does
velocity = displacement/time
acceleration + formula
rate at which velocity changes
If you’re speeding up, slowing down, or changing direction, you’re accelerating
- when an object moves in a circular path at a constant speed, it is still accelerating, because the direction of its velocity is changing
acceleration = change in velocity/time
newton’s 3 laws of motion
First Law (Law of Inertia): An object will stay at rest or keep moving in a straight line at constant speed unless acted upon by an external force.
Second Law: The force acting on an object is equal to the mass of that object multiplied by its acceleration.
Formula:
F = m⋅a
F = force, m = mass, and, a = acceleration
Third Law: For every action, there’s an equal and opposite reaction. If you push something, it pushes back with the same force.
linear momentum + formula
product of an object’s mass and velocity
- tells you how much motion an object has
p = m⋅v
p= momentum, m = mass, v = velocity
law of conservation of momentum
In a closed system (no external forces), the total momentum before an event (like a collision) is equal to the total momentum after the event
TotalMomentumBefore = TotalMomentumAfter
Collisions + 2 types
elastic collision: both momentum and kinetic energy are conserved
inelastic collision: momentum is conserved, but kinetic energy is not
at what point during the motion of a projectile is its vertical component of velocity zero?
highest point
power is the product of
force and velocity
power: rate at which work is done
the area under force-displacement graph gives
work
joule’s law
relates amount of heat produced by an electric current flowing through a conductor
- so if you a have a heater, the more electric current flowing through and the more resistant the heater material is and if its on for a long period of time, the more heat it will produce
formula: Q = I^2 Rt
Q = heat produced
I = current
R = resistance
t = time
convex vs concave lens
convex lens (converging lens: bends (refracts) light rays inward, focusing them to a point
- lens is thicker in the middle and thinner at the edges
- ex. magnifying glass or the lens in eye
concave lens (diverging lens): spread light rays outward, making them diverge as they pass through
- thinner in the middle and thicker at the edges
- ex. lens used in some glasses for people who are nearsighted
crest & trough of a wave acts as what types of lens
crest (highest point of a wave) = convex lens (focuses light rays inward)
trough (lowest point of a wave) = concave lens (focuses light rays outward)
speed of sound at 0ºC and for each degree increase
speed of sound at 0ºC: 331.5 m/s
on avg. for each ºC increase in temp above 0ºC, speed of sound in air increases by about 0.61 m/s
- this is because warmer air has molecules that move faster, allowing sound waves to travel more quickly, increasing the speed of sound at higher temps
isobaric, isochoric, isothermal, adiabatic process
isobaric: pressure kept constant, while other variables like volume and temp may change
isochoric: volume kept constant, and no work is done by the gas
adiabatic: no heat exchanged with surroundings, meaning all energy changes result in changes to the internal energy of the system
isothermal: temp kept constant, meaning internal energy of the system remains the same
ohm’s law + formula
formula: V = I x R
V = voltage
I = current
R = resistance
states that current though conductor b/w 2 points is directly proportional to voltage across the 2 points and inversely proportional to the resistance as long as temp of conductor is kept constant
so: If you increase the voltage in a circuit, more current will flow. But if you increase the resistance, the current will decrease.
1st, 2nd, & 3rd law of thermodynamics
- energy cannot be created or destroyed
- for a spontaneous process, the entropy of the universe increases
- a perfect crystal at zero Kelvin has zero entropy
ampere’s law
states that magnetic field (B) around a closed loop is proportional to the current (I) passing through the loop
in simple terms: if you have a wire carrying an electric current, it creates a magnetic field around it. strength of that magnetic field depends on the amount of current flowing through the wire
gauss’s law
The electric field around a charged object is related to the total charge inside an imaginary surface around it. If you know the charge inside, you can figure out how strong the electric field is.
electric field intensity + units
Electric Field Intensity (E): a measure of the strength of an electric field at any point
formula: E= F/q
q - charge
F - force
defined as force per unit charge
gravitational field strength is defined as
force per unit mass
relationship b/w resistance of pure metals and temperature
the resistance of pure metal increases with an increase in temperature
- b/c in pure metals, as temp increases, atoms in metal vibrate more and increased vibration causes more collisions b/w free electrons, increasing resistance
- increase in pressure can also increase resistance, but effect is less pronounced than that of temp
magnetic field inside & outside current carrying wire
- at very center of wire (r=0), magnetic field is 0
- as you move away from the center of the wire (increasing r), magnetic field increases because enclosed current is increasing
- field increases linearly with r until you reach the surface of the wire
so: magnetic field inside current carrying wire varies directly with r
outside the wire: magnetic field decreases as you move farther with distance, (inversely proportional to r - 1/r)