Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

mdcat > NUMS biology > Flashcards

NUMS biology Flashcards

1
Q

where are sperm produced

A

testes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

if fertilization occurs, where is the young embryo implanted?

A

in the endometrium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

which gland releases gonadotropins?

A

gonadotropins: FSH & LH

released by pituitary gland

  • hypothalamus only releases hormones that stimulate the pituitary gland but its actually released by pituitary
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

which type of cartilage is found at the end of long bones, in the nose, larynx, and trachea?

A

hyaline cartilage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what type of joints are the following:
shoulder
wrist
knee
elbow

A

shoulder: “ball and socket” joint
wrist: gliding joint
elbow and knee: hinge joints (allows motion in one plane)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

gray matter of spinal cord + what type of neurons are there

A

gray matter of spinal cord: extends from the brain into the spinal cord, makes signaling more effective

regions + what neurons they contain:
dorsal horn: contains cell bodies of interneurons that receive sensory input

ventral horn: contains cell bodies of motor neurons that send signals to muscles

lateral horn (in certain segments): contains cell bodies of autonomic neurons

does not contain cell bodies of sensory neurons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

in enzymatic activity, what does the term “feedback inhibition” mean?

A

enzyme is inhibited by the product being produced

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

activators & inhibitors (enzymatic activity)

A
  • regulate enzymatic activity

activators: molecules that increase activity of an enzyme

inhibitors: molecules that decrease activity of an enzyme

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

4 key ideas of Darwin’s theory of evolution by natural selection

A
  1. overproduction: organisms produce more offspring than the environment can support
  2. competition: individuals compete for scarce resources
  3. survival of the fittest: only those individuals best adapted to their environment survive and reproduce
  4. natural variation: variation exists among individuals in a population, and some of this variation is heritable

gene mutation was not a concept at his time- came later with the work of Gregor Mendel and the discovery of DNA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Jean-Baptiste Lamarck (Lamarckism)

A

theory of evolution based on the principle that parents pass down traits to offspring that they acquired during their lifetime

  • ex. if a giraffe stretched its neck to reach higher leaves, offspring would inherit a longer neck

he was proven wrong bc it doesnt alter DNA so doesn’t get passed down but was right about adapting to environment

  • evolution of kiwi, food of modern horse, webbed feet of duck, and loss of teeth in whale (not needing them anymore)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Hugo de Vries

A

mutation theory: suggested that new species could arise suddenly through large changes, or mutations, in organism’s genes that then get passed on

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

August Weismann

A

germ plasm theory: proposed that inheritance only happens through germ cells (reproductive cells like egg and sperm) and not through body cells (like skin or muscle cells)

  • ex. changes in body cells (like losing a limb) doesnt get passed on because not happened in the germ cells
  • refuted Lamarck
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

interferons

A

broad class of cytokines that are part of your natural defenses - alarm system

  • when virus detected in a cell, that cell releases interferons that tell neighboring cells to increase defenses to prevent virus from spreading
  • also activate immune cells to fight those invaders
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what activates secretion of gastric juice in stomach

A

presence of proteins (food) in the stomach activate parietal cells to secrete gastric juice

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

immunoglobulins

A

antibodies

  • synthesized by B-Lymphocytes
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

metabolic roles of liver

A

glycogenloysis: conversion of glycogen to glucose

gluconeogenesis: formation of glucose from non carbohydrate resources

deamination: removal of amine group from protein

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

3 enzymes that pancreatic juice (produced by pancreas) contains

A

lipase - breaks down fats (lipids) into fatty acids and glycerol

trypsin - breaks down proteins into smaller peptides and amino acids

amylase - breaks down carbs (like starch) into simple sugars, like glucose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

heart chamber where aorta originates

A

left ventricle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

5 organs of the lymphatic system

A

Lymph Nodes: Filter lymph fluid and produce immune cells

Spleen: Filters blood, removes old cells, and helps fight infections

Thymus: Trains T-cells to fight pathogens

Bone Marrow: Produces blood cells, including immune cells

Lymphatic Vessels: Transport lymph fluid and return excess fluid to the bloodstream.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

an 80S ribosomal particle is formed from?

A

a smaller (40S) ribosomal subunit and a larger (60S) ribosomal subunit

ribosomes are composed of 2 subunits: small subunit (40S) and large subunit (60S)

combine in the presence of Mg2+ ions

  • come together to form a functional ribosome called 80S ribosome in eukaryotes
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

how are natural bacterial flora beneficial to humans

A
  • interfere with pathogenic colonization: prevents colonization by pathogens by competing for attachment & nutrients
  • help break down food
  • produce nutrients (like vitamin K and B)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

how does a virus recognize the host

A

through the protein coat

  • which contains receptors that recognize and bind to host cell via a receptor

not the envelope bc the envelope is derived from the host itself

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

where is most of RNA present

A

in the nucleolus

nucleolus: RNA transcribed here and ribosomes are also produced

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

cysts

A
  • tough, resistant structures that some microorganisms, like protozoa and fungi, form to protect themselves from harsh conditions such as lack of nutrients, extreme temperatures, or desiccation (drying out)

like spores, also used for protection from environmental conditions, but commonly not associated with bacteria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

spores, granules, plasmids

A

spores: some bacteria can form spores (specifically endospores) when they encounter harsh conditions, like extreme heat. spores are highly resistant and can survive in unfavorable conditions for long periods. can germinate back into active cells when conditions improve

granules: nutrient storage materials within bacteria

plasmids: small, circular DNA molecules in bacteria that can carry genes for antibiotic resistance, but they don’t confer heat resistance.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

adrenaline & noradrenaline

A

both adrenaline (epinephrine) and noradrenaline (norepinephrine) work together in the “fight or flight” response

  • not antagonistic; instead, they complement each other’s actions
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

calcitonin & parathyroid hormone

A

calcitonin lowers blood calcium levels by promoting calcium storage in bones, while parathyroid hormone (PTH) increases blood calcium levels by releasing calcium from bones

  • antagonistic functions
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

growth hormone & somatostatin

A

Growth hormone (GH) promotes growth and cell reproduction, while somatostatin inhibits the release of growth hormone

  • antagonistic functions
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

autosomes

A

chromosomes that are the same in both males and females

22 of these pairs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

tendons

A

fibrous connective tissue that attaches bones to muscles

31
Q

nocireceptors, thermoreceptors, photoreceptors, chemoreceptors

A

nocireceptors: pain receptors
- exist in muscle, joints, and skin

thermoreceptors: detect changes in temperature (heat or cold)

photoreceptors: found in the eyes, they detect light and are involved in vision

chemoreceptors: special nerve cells that detect changes in the chemical composition of the blood, such as those related to taste, smell, and changes in blood chemistry

32
Q

resting membrane potential of a neuron

A

-70 mV

32
Q

glycoproteins, lipoproteins, glycolipids, & sphingolipids

A

glycoproteins: found on the surface of cells and play crucial roles in cell recognition, communication, and signaling. act as cell surface markers that help the immune system identify cells and distinguish between self and non-self cells

lipoproteins: complexes of lipids and proteins, mostly involved in transporting fats in the blood

glycolipids: also found on the cell surface, contribute to cell recognition and signaling, but glycoproteins are more directly associated with cell surface markers.

sphingolipids: a class of lipids that include sphingosine, and they are involved in signaling and cell membrane structure but not specifically as cell surface markers

33
Q

porins

A

proteins that form channels or pores in the outer membranes of mitochondria and chloroplasts (they have double membranes and porins are found in the outer membrane

  • essential for the transport of substances into and out of the organelle
  • not found in other organelles, others use protein channels
34
Q

ribosomes in prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells

A

70S ribosomes in prokaryotic cells

80S ribosomes in eukaryotic cells

35
Q

prokaryotic organelles

A

Nucleoid, plasmids, cell wall (peptidoglycan in bacteria), capsule, pili, and flagella.

36
Q

primary, secondary, tertiary, quaternary structure of polypeptides

A

primary: number and sequence of amino acids, determined by genetic code and is crucial b/c dictates how protein will fold and function

secondary: local folding of polypeptide chain into structures, stabilized by hydrogen bonds

tertiary: overall 3D shape of single polypeptide change, resulting from interactions b/w side chains (R groups) of amino acids

quaternary: refers to arrangement & interaction of multiple polypeptide chains in protein that has more than one chain

37
Q

what maintains turgidity in plants?

A

vacuole

  • filled with water and exerts pressure called turgor pressure against the cell wall and helps maintain plant’s rigidity and keeps the plant upright
38
Q

where are chlorophyll pigments present

A

in chloroplasts

chloroplasts: site of photosynthesis in plant cells and contain chlorophyll, pigment responsible for capturing light energy & converting it into chemical energy

39
Q

chromoplasts, elaioplasts, amyloplasts

A

chromoplasts: these organelles contain pigments such as carotenoids, which give fruits and flowers their red, yellow, and orange colors, do not contain chlorophyll

elaioplasts: these are involved in storing lipids (fats)

amyloplasts: These are responsible for storing starch

40
Q

xanthophylls

A

yellow pigments that are part of the carotenoid family and play a role in photosynthesis and plant coloration

41
Q

master gland in the human body

A

pituitary gland

  • because controls the function of many of the other endocrine glands
42
Q

caesin

A

type of protein found in milk and dairy products

  • t’s primarily a storage protein rather than a structural one
43
Q

collagen

A

major structural protein found in connective tissues, such as skin, tendons, ligaments, and bones

  • provides strength and elasticity to these tissues
44
Q

3 functions of smooth endoplasmic reticulum

A
  1. hormone and steroids synthesis
  2. detoxification
  3. impulse transmission
45
Q

Calvin cycle (light independent)

A
  • carbon dioxide is converted into glucose
  • takes place in the stroma

to synthesize 1 molecule of glucose requires:
- 18 ATP molecules
- 12 NADPH molecules
- 6 CO2 molecules

  1. CO2 first fixed into intermediate by RuBisCo that then splits into 3-phosphoglycerate (3-PGA)
  2. then ATP and NADPH convert 3-PGA into G3P
  3. 2 G3P molecules combine to form 1 molecule of glucose
46
Q

spikes, envelope, & capsid

A

spikes: protruding structures on the surface of many viruses, especially enveloped viruses, have glycoproteins embedded in them for the virus to attach to and enter host cells- play role in recognition and binding to host cell receptors

envelope: lipid membrane that surrounds some viruses, derived from host cell membrane

capsid: protein shell that encloses viral genome (DNA) to protect it

47
Q

presynaptic neuron & postsynaptic neuron

A

presynaptic neuron: site for production of neurotransmitter

postsynaptic neuron: receives signals from a presynaptic neuron through a junction called a synapse

48
Q

thyroxine

A

acts as a regulator of the metabolic rate of the body

  • primary function is to stimulate the metabolism of carbohydrates, proteins, and fats in the cells to produce energy
49
Q

Y-linked traits

A

specific to male inheritance
- passed on from father to son only

50
Q

where are lymphocytes made

A

in the bone marrow

51
Q

thrombocytes

A

help form blood clots to slow or stop bleeding and to help wounds heal

52
Q

monocytes

A

type of white blood cell (leukocytes) that reside in your blood and tissues to find and destroy germs and eliminate infected cells

  • call on other white blood cells to help treat injury and prevent infection
53
Q

light reactions of photosynthesis (where ATP is synthesized) take place in the

A

thylakoid

54
Q

what happens when light falls on P-700?

A

it is oxidized and electrons are removed

55
Q

prokaryotic cell wall vs fungal cell wall

A

fungal cell wall is made of chitin, while prokaryotic cell wall is made of peptidoglycan

56
Q

attachment of polysomes (group of ribosomes working) to mRNA is controlled by what ion

A

Mg2+

increased conc. = attachment
decreased conc. = detachment

57
Q

is the end product of Calvin cycle glucose or G3P?

A

G3P is the direct end product of Calvin cycle

2 G3P molecules can come together to form a glucose molecule in a separate process that occurs after the Calvin cycle

58
Q

NADPH vs NADP

A

NADH is used in cell respiration and NADPH is used in photosynthesis

59
Q

role of H2O & CO2 in photosynthesis

A

H2O - electron donor

  • in light dependent reactions, water splits in process called photolysis releasing electrons, protons, and oxygen

CO2 - proton acceptor

  • in light independent reaction (calvin cycle), CO2 is fixed into glucose. during this process, CO2 accepts electrons & protons, which contribute to formation of glucose
60
Q

unique properties of mitochondria

A

self replicating organelle that contains its own DNA and synthesizes its own proteins

61
Q

which organelle performs a role in cell wall formation?

A

Golgi apparatus

62
Q

in an X-linked recessive disease, an affected woman married to a normal man, the percentage of affected daughters is:

A

0%

  • X chromosome
63
Q

neurotransmitters present in the peripheral nervous system vs neurotransmitters present in the central nervous system

A

PNS Neurotransmitters: Affect the rest of the body, leading to symptoms that might involve physical changes or responses, like muscle contractions or heart rate changes.

CNS Neurotransmitters: Primarily impact brain functions, leading to changes in mood, behavior, cognition, and coordination.

64
Q

acetylcholine

A

crucial at muscular joints, where transmits signals from motor neurons to muscle fibers, leading to muscle contraction, autonomic (involuntary) body functions, and plays a role in learning, memory, and attention

65
Q

Proteins are made from amino acids by the process of

A

dehydration synthesis

66
Q

diastase, invertase, maltase

A

diastase: term used for enzymes like amylase that break down starch

invertase: breaks down sucrose (table sugar) into glucose and fructose

maltase: converts maltose (sugar made from starch digestion) into glucose

67
Q

co enzyme is often formed from

A

protein

68
Q

smallest disease causing agents in plants

A

viroids - smallest infectious pathogens known
- composed of short strand of circular RNA without protein coat

  • different from virions bc viroids are smaller
69
Q

prions

A

infectious proteins that cause diseases in animals (and potentially humans) but not plants and are not smaller than viroids

70
Q

in nuclear radiography for medical diagnosis which rays are used?

A

Gamma rays

(and also X rays)

alpha particles and UV rays are heavy and cannot penetrate deep issue for medical imaging

71
Q

biological uses for radiation (aside from tests)

A
  • used to sterilize medical equipment and supplies
  • radioactive tracers are used in reach and diagnosis to track movement of substances in the body
72
Q
A

mdcat (11 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions