chemistry - kips practice Flashcards
the mass of one mole of electrons is
0.55 mg
which pair of mixture is called ideal solution
water – ether
what can affect the magnitude of equilibrium constant Kp, of a reversible gaseous reaction?
temperature
what is an ether?
class of compounds that contain an ether group—an oxygen atom connected to two alkyl or aryl groups
general formula: R–O–R’
- easily flammable liquid used to dissolve other substances such as oils, fats, etc.
catalysis
acceleration of chemical reaction by catalyst
contact process
catalytic method for producing sulfuric acid (H2SO4) from sulfur dioxide (SO2) and oxygen (O2)
- heterogeneous catalysis
- homogenous catalysis
- autocatalysis
- enzyme catalysis
- heterogeneous catalysis: catalysis where the phase of catalysts differs from that of the reactants or products
- homogeneous catalysis: catalysis where the phase of catalysts is the same as that of the reactants or products
- autocatalysis: one of the reaction products is also a catalyst for the same reaction
- enzyme catalysis: increase in the rate of a process by a biological molecule (enzyme)
a safe and more reliable method for drying the crystal is through
vacuum desiccator
pseudo solid + examples
solid that possesses properties of a liquid
examples: glass and pitch (resin)
the order of reactivity of halogens with alkane is
F2 > Cl2 > Br2 > I2
x-ray diffraction
determines atomic radius and molecular structure of a crystal
optical microscope & electron microscope
optical - magnified image of an object specimen
electron - uses electron beams as a source of illumination, has higher resolution (see more smaller things)
spectrophotometer
measures absorbance of light
stronger the oxidizing agent, greater the _____________
reduction potential
which of the following can be used in laptops
nickel cadmium cell
nickel cadmium cell
type of rechargeable battery used in aviation, rail and mass transit, backup power for power lines, etc.
lead accumulator
secondary cell b/c electrical energy is not generated within it but stored from an external source
silver oxide battery
primary cell battery used in watches, calculators, hearing aids, etc.
primary vs. secondary battery
primary is not rechargeable, secondary is
fuel cell
an electrochemical cell that converts the chemical energy of a fuel (often hydrogen) and an oxidizing agent (often oxygen) into electricity through a pair of redox reactions
- do not run down or need charging, produce heat or electricity as long as fuel is present
used in transportation (cars), industrial stuff
Van Der Waal’s equation
- a more accurate representation of properties of non-ideal gases because factors in attraction b/w molecules and volume of molecules
PV = RT/(V - b) - a/V^2
a real gas obeying van der waal’s equation will resemble ideal gas if ‘a’ and ‘b’ are ______________
small
plasma + what used in
superheated matter – so hot that the electrons are ripped away from the atoms forming an ionized gas
- comprises 99% of the universe
- glows
used in: fluorescent bulb, neon sign, lasers
- ionic crystal
- metallic crystal
- covalent crystal
- molecular crystal
ionic crystal: composed of alternating positive and negative ions
metallic crystal: metal cations surrounded by a “sea” of mobile valence electrons
covalent crystal: composed of atoms covalently (shared electrons) bonded to one another
molecular crystal: held together by weak intermolecular forces
what are the 4 conditions for a gas to be “ideal”
gas particles are:
- equally sized
- have neglibile volume
- no IMF’s (attractions or repulsions)
- particles move randomly
beta particles and alpha particles
beta particles: high speed, high energy electrons (produced in beta decay)
alpha particles: composite particles consisting of 2 protons and 2 neutrons tightly bonded together
- emitted from nucleus of radionuclides
when a fast neutron strikes the nucleus of nitrogen, the particles ejected are ___________
alpha particles
dilute solution
relatively small amount of solute dissolved in the solution
borax bead test + which elements is it not used with
used to identify certain metal ions by observing the color of the melted borax bead when the metal ions are added
- copper: turns bead blue-green
- cobalt: turns bead deep blue
- iron: turns bead yellow-red
cannot be used with group 1, 2, or 12 elements
the most reactive allotropic form of phosphorus is
(+ mention what the other 2 forms are used for)
most reactive - white phosphorus
white - used by military in ammunition b/c highly flammable
red - used on match boxes, also used to calm fire
black - used in batteries, electronics, energy storage
chemical composition of cinnabar
HgS
allotropes
different structural forms of the same element
- exhibit different physical and chemical properties
caustic soda
sodium hydroxide
NaOH
bond energy
amount of energy required to break a specific chemical bond in a molecule
- influenced by factors such as types of atoms, bond length, and overall molecular structure
- greater electronegativity = higher bond energy
disproportionation reaction (also called dismutation reaction) + 2 famous examples
a single compound is both oxidized and reduced within the same reaction
examples:
- chlorine gas (Cl2) in the presence of water or hydroxide ions
- ammonia (NH3) in certain conditions
double displacement reaction + essential requirement
the positive and negative ions “swap” partners
an essential requirement for a double displacement reaction is the formation of a precipitate, gas, or water as one of the products
reduction reaction + 3 ways it happens
chemical reaction in which there is a gain of electrons by an atom, ion, or molecule
(reduction of the oxidation state)
- happens in 3 ways: gain of electrons, loss of oxygen, or gain of hydrogen
coordination number
number of atoms, molecules, or ions bonded to central atom
after digestion, proteins change to
amino acids
catenation
ability of atoms, specifically carbon, to bond with each other to form long chains or rings
- particularly predominant in organic chemistry
tetravalency
ability of an atom to form up to 4 covalent bonds with other atoms
- commonly associated with carbon
- property of tetravalency allows carbon atoms to form stable, covalent bonds
isomerism
“chemical twins” that have the same molecular formula but are arranged or bonded in different ways, resulting in distinct chemical and physical properties
ex: butane and isobutane both have the molecular formula C4H10, but they have different arrangements of carbon atoms
vinyl acetylene (C4H4) combines with hydrochloric acid (HCl) to produce
chloroprene (C4H5Cl)
leaving group + examples of good and bad ones
an atom or a group of atoms that departs from a molecule during a chemical reaction, taking with it a pair of electrons
- when they leave, leave behind a positive charge or a new bond formation, resulting in formation of new compound or different reaction intermediate
bad (inefficient) : hydroxide (OH-)
good: halide ions (Cl-, Br-, I-), water, sulfates, phosphates
industrial materials and thermal power stations are coated with
polyvinyl chloride
polyvinyl chloride
high-strength, thermoplastic material used in applications such as pipes, wires, and cables
epoxy paint
epoxy makes paint more durable, resistant to moisture and grease
polyamide resin
used primarily by paper industry to increase wet strength of towels/wipes facial tissues, and other products
polyester resin
used for construction and general waterproofing
chlorination of water may be harmful if the water contains
ammonia
