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NUMS exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

He prefers death _________ dishonor.

1) Over
2) On
3) Upon
4) To

A

To

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2
Q

what does the word spill mean?

A

spread over

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3
Q

Na+ (sodium ions) are nearly __________ times greater in fluid outside the cell than inside

A

10x

  • concentration of Na+ ions is approximately 10 times greater in fluids outside (extracellular) the cell compared to inside (intracellular) the cell
  • creates difference in ion concentration and helps resting membrane potential and other important factors

question could have been worded better but means concentration of Na+ not the actual fluid count maybe

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4
Q

Oxytocin’s role in childbirth

A

Induces labor pains

  • plays crucial role in initiating and regulating uterine contractions during labor

oxytocin = “love hormone”

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5
Q

ADH (antidiuretic hormone)

A

released in response to increased blood osmolality or decreased water content

  • helps body retain water by reducing urine production and increasing water reabsorption in the kidneys
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6
Q

where are neurotransmitters synthesized and stored?

A

within the presynaptic neuron, specifically in structures called synaptic vesicles

  • When an action potential reaches the presynaptic neuron, these vesicles release neurotransmitters into the synapse.
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7
Q

endorphins are produced in ______

A

within the various parts of the brain, including the hypothalamus and pituitary gland

endorphins = natural painkillers and mood elevators

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8
Q

adrenal glands

A

located on top of the kidney and produce hormones to regulate metabolism, immune system, blood pressure, and response to stress

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9
Q

Leydig Cells

A

located in the testes

responsible for production and secretion of testosterone, primary male sex hormone

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10
Q

spermatogenesis & oogenesis

A

spermatogenesis: formation of sperm, is continuous and prolific (producing a lot)
- hundreds of millions of sperm are produced per day; each sperm takes about 7 weeks to develop

oogenesis: development of a mature egg, is a prolonged process
- immature eggs form in the female embryo but do not complete their development until years or decades later

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11
Q

FSH & LH

A

FSH (follicle-stimulating hormone): tells ovaries in females and testes in males to start making cells for reproduction, signal that starts engine
- one of the hormones released by the pituitary gland in response to GnRH
- stimulates Sertoli cells

LH (luteinizing hormone): helps regulate menstrual cycle in females and stimulates the testes to produce testosterone in males, supervisor that oversees the work and makes sure everything is going smoothly

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12
Q

Sertoli & Leydig cells

A

Sertoli cells: cells found in testes of males, provide support & nourishment for developing sperm cells - construction workers who build & maintain the structures needed for making sperm
- secrete hormone inhibin
- stimulated by FSH

Leydig cells: also in testes of males (located between seminiferous tubules), produce testosterone & other androgens (male hormones)
- stimulated by LH

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13
Q

The estrogen hormone secretion during oogenesis is stimulated by:

A

FSH (follicle stimulating hormone)

  • FSH responsible for stimulating growth and development of ovarian follicles in the ovaries
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14
Q

Which of the following hormones of the pituitary gland regulate the menstrual cycle?

A

FSH and LH

  • both produced by anterior pituitary gland
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15
Q

Which of the following traits is transmitted directly from an affected father to only his son?

A

Y-linked traits

  • Y linked traits are passed from father to son through the Y chromosome. not present on the X chromosome and are specific to male inheritance
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16
Q

When both the alleles of a gene pair are same, the organism is said to be:

A

Homozygous

  • means having 2 identical pairs of a gene, whether both dominant or both recessive
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17
Q

Endosymbiotic Theory

A

Mitochondria and chloroplasts were once free-living organisms that were engulfed by ancestral eukaryotic cells

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18
Q

Analogous & Homologous Organs

A

Analogous Organs: similar in function but different in structure
- these organs have evolved independently in different species to perform similar functions in response to similar environmental pressures, even though their internal structures are distinct

Homologous Organs: similar structures but different functions
- due to shared ancestry
- think homo doesnt function well

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19
Q

Function of antibodies (3 primary functions)

A

**Antibodies (also called Immunoglobulins): proteins that protect from antigens = toxin or foreign substance that induces immune response

Primarily work by:
1. Neutralizing antigens (attach to antigens changing their chemical composition)

  1. Precipitating antigens (two soluble proteins come together to make an insoluble protein, creating precipitate)
  2. Enhancing phagocytosis (ingest and eliminate)
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20
Q

Cytokines

A

small proteins that are crucial in managing growth and activity of other immune system cells
- cannot get into cell itself because of size so interact with cytokine receptors at surface of cell

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21
Q

Pepsinogen is converted into its active form pepsin by:

A

Hydrochloric Acid (HCl)

  • Pepsinogen is the inactive form thats produced in stomach lining by chief cells
  • Once comes into contact with HCl, turns into active form pepsin that breaks down food
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22
Q

Intrinsic Factor

A
  • protein that helps your intestines absorb Vitamin B12

secreted by stomach

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23
Q

Lymphocytes

A
  • specific type of white blood cell
  • one of body’s main types of immune cells
  • made in bone marrow and found in the blood and lymph tissue
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24
Q

where does digestion of each of these foods start in the body:

carbohydrates
proteins
fats
vitamins

A

carbs: oral cavity (mouth), saliva breaks down food

proteins: stomach, pepsin breaks down protein molecules

fats: small intestine, while some small digestion happens in the stomach, main digestion happens in the small intestine with the help of bile

vitamins: not digested because already in simplest form, so they are absorbed instead

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25
Q

Describe the 4 types:

Natural/Acquired (artificial) passive/active immunity

A

Passive Immunity: involves transfer of antibodies from one person to another, immediate but short-term protection
- Acquired (artificial) passive: medical intervention such as antibodies injected for snake bite, gives protection but doesnt last long because body did not make it itself
- Natural passive: occurs naturally, like mother passing antibodies to a baby

Active Immunity: body’s own response to a pathogen, long-term protection
- Acquired (artificial) active: medical intervention such as vaccine where weakened form of pathogen is injected
- Natural Active: happens naturally when body fights off a virus and remembers it

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26
Q

vaccination is an example of what type of immunity

A

acquired/artificial active immune

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27
Q

The heart chamber from where aorta originates:

A

Left ventricle

  • left ventricle pumps oxygenated blood into the aorta, where it goes to the rest of the body
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28
Q

Pubic symphysis and inter vertebral disc are the exmaple of

A

Cartilaginous joints

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29
Q

Cartilaginous joints, Synovial joints, Fibrous joints, Gliding joints

A

Cartilaginous joints: type of joint where bones are entirely joined by cartilage
- ex. Pubic symphysis, inter vertebral disc (between the vertebrates in spine)

Synovial joints: allow for movement
- ex. elbow joint, hip joint

Gliding joints: type of synovial joint where 2 bones meet on flat surface to allow for gliding
- ex. wrist bone

Fibrous joints: fixed or immovable joints as they do not allow any movement between the bones
- ex. skull bones, ankle bones, teeth roots

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30
Q

Cartilage is more difficult to heal than bone because cartilage:

A

Lacks vascular supply, meaning it has very limited blood flow

  • a good vascular supply (blood flow) is important for the healing process
  • bone has good vascular supply
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31
Q

Which feature is absent from cardiac muscles?

A

multinucleate cells

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32
Q

muscle fibers in cardiac muscle

A
  • muscle fibers: cylindrical, branches, and uninucleate
  • individual cardiac muscle cells are joined at their ends by intercalated discs to form long fibers
  • organized into sarcomeres, the fundamental contractile units of muscle cells
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33
Q

contractile sarcomeres

A

tiny units within muscle fibers that are responsible for muscle contraction

  • smallest functional unit of a muscle fiber
  • present in skeletal and cardiac muscle, but not smooth muscle
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34
Q

skeletal muscle fibers

A

are multinucleate to accommodate for their large size, high metabolic needs, and efficient control

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35
Q

Sarcoplasmic reticulum of muscle fibers is mainly responsible for:

A

calcium storage

  • plays crucial role in regulating calcium levels within muscle cells
  • when muscle is stimulated, calcium ions are released from sarcoplasmic reticulum, allowing muscle to contract
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36
Q

The junction between two neurons is:

A

Synapse

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37
Q

chemically steroid hormones

A

3 major sex hormones: testosterone, estrogen, and progesterone

  • cortisol
  • 11-deoxycortisol
  • aldosterone
    corticosterone
  • 11-deoxycorticosteron

steroid hormones are fat-soluble and made from cholesterol

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38
Q

Under activity of parathyroid glands causes a drop in blood of:

A

Ca 2+

  • parathyroid glands play a crucial role in regulating calcium levels in blood by producing parathyroid hormone
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39
Q

Which protein establishes the matrix of bone & cartilage?

A

Collagen

  • collagen = fibrous protein that provides structural support and forms matrix of bone & cartilage
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40
Q

Non-competitive inhibitors react with enzymes at:

A

Allosteric site

  • bind and change shape of enzyme reducing activity
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41
Q

Most enzymes work best at which temperature

A

37º C
(around 104º F)

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42
Q

formula to convert C to F

A

(°C × 9/5) + 32 = ºF

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43
Q

In term of enzyme actions, ‘maximum temperature’ refers to a temperature at which

A

Enzymes start to denature

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44
Q

When light falls on P-700, which event is likely to occur?

A

It’s oxidized as electrons are removed

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45
Q

Which 2 molecules are released after completion of light reaction and then utilized in the dark reaction of photosynthesis?

A

ATP and NADPH

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46
Q

end products of light reactions of photosynthesis?

A

ATP & NADPH

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47
Q

Synthesis of ATP during photosynthesis takes place in

A

thylakoid membranes

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48
Q

virion

A

The complete, mature, and infectious virus particle

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49
Q

All viruses are:

A

Parasites

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50
Q

The smallest known bacteria belong to the genus:

A

Mycoplasma

  • These bacteria lack a cell wall and are among the tiniest free-living organisms.
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51
Q

Mesentric veins drain the blood from:

A

Large intestine

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52
Q

Secondary cell wall in plants is present between

A

the primary cell wall and plasma membrane

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53
Q

What distinguishes Prokaryotic cell walls from Fungal cell wall?

A

Prokaryotic cell walls contain peptidoglycan

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54
Q

Pollination is facillitated by:

A

Chromoplast

  • attract insects and cause pollination
  • are colored protoplasts
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55
Q

Tonoplast is the membrane separating:

A

vacuole and cytoplasm

tonoplast: membrane that surrounds vacuole of the plant
- function: keep vacuole acidic by bringing in protons so that it can keep breaking down food (pumps K+ into and out of cell)

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56
Q

Each centriole is composed of __________ microtubules

A

nine triplets (9 of 3 pairs)

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57
Q

centriole

A

cylindrical organelle composed mainly of protein tubulin

  • organize microtubules that serve as cell’s skeletal system
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58
Q

The folds of the inner membrane of mitochondria are called

A

cristae

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59
Q

functions of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum (smooth ER)

A
  • synthesis of essential lipids such as phospholipids and cholesterol (lipid metabolism)
  • transmission of impulses (in muscle fibers)
  • transport of materials
  • also responsible for production and secretion of steroid hormones
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60
Q

charged pores

A

another name for ion channels

  • play a crucial role in active and passive transport
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61
Q

lysosomes

A

involved in digestion and recycling of cellular waste materials and damaged organelles

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62
Q

Most abundant organic compound in mammalian cells are ___________

A

Proteins

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63
Q

Thermal stability of organisms in the environment is because of which characteristic of water?

A

specific heat capacity (water can absorb and retain heat)

64
Q

what are C-H bonds in lipids important for?

A

they store a lot of energy and when they are broken, release a lot of energy for cells to use

lipids are energy-rich macromolecules

65
Q

which carbohydrates are the sweetest among all carbohydrates?

A

monosaccharides

  • they are single sugar units = simplest so bind to sugar receptors easiest
66
Q

factors that affect vapor pressure

A

vapor pressure = how much molecules wanna escape from solid/liquid into gas phase

factors:
1.temperature: more temp = moving faster = easier to escape
2. IMF’s: stronger the IMF, the less likely it is to want to escape
3. adding more substances: molecules then interact with themselves and dont wanna let go
4. density: indirectly influences them because molecules with stronger IMF’s have greater densities

67
Q

The boiling point of ether is less as compared to alcohols and phenols due to

A

weaker intermolecular forces

68
Q

When 2 ice cubes are pressed over eaxh other they unite to form one cube due to

A

hydrogen bonding

69
Q

structure of sodium chloride crystal

A

Each sodium ion is surrounded by six chloride ions and each chloride ions surrounded by six sodium ions

70
Q

lattice energy & how to predict it

A

lattice energy: energy released when positive and negative ions come together to form a solid crystal from a gaseous state

higher the lattice energy, stronger the bonds between the ions in the crystal

factors that affect lattice energy:
1. charge of the ions: higher charges = higher lattice energy b/c attraction b/w ions is stronger
2. size of the ions: smaller ions can get closer together and have more attraction b/w them
- higher onto the periodic table

71
Q

Thermal conductivity of metals is due to

A

freely moving electrons

thermal conductivity: measure of its potential to conduct heat.
- freely moving electrons are responsible for the conduction of heat and electricity in the metal

conduction: delocalized electrons in the transfer of the metal kinetic energy

72
Q

what is thermal conduction

A

process by which heat energy is transmitted through collisions between neighboring atoms or molecules

delocalized electrons in the transfer of metals kinetic energy

73
Q

kinetic energy & potential energy

A

kinetic energy: associated with motion of particles (related to heat bc more movement of particles is due to more heat)

higher the temp = more the kinetic energy

higher the position = more the potential energy

74
Q

The high pressure of 200 atm in Haber’s process is used for

A

Better yield

75
Q

habers process

A

method used to produce ammonia (NH₃) from nitrogen (N₂) and hydrogen (H₂) gases

  • the reaction takes place at higher pressures (around 200 atm) and at high temperature (400-500°C)
  • a catalyst, usually iron is used to speed up the reaction

N2+3H2 →2NH3

76
Q

By which of the following factors eqilibrium state is attained earlier?

A

Catalyst

77
Q

when temperature of reacting gases is raised by 10K, what will happen to the reaction rate?

A

it will double

  • rule of thumb: increasing temperature by 10K roughly doubles the reaction
  • other temperature increases will create different effects since molecules get faster and faster
78
Q

The minimum amount of energy required by the colliding particles for effective collisions is called

A

activation energy

79
Q

state vs pathway functions

A

state functions: depend only on the current state of a system, not on how the system got to that state
- ex. Temperature, pressure, volume, internal energy, enthalpy, and entropy.

pathway functions: depend on the specific path or process taken to reach a particular state
- work and heat

80
Q

how to tell if an equation is lattice energy

A
  • formation of ionic solid: lattice energy is defined as the energy released when one mole of ionic solid is formed from its constituent ions in the gas phase so 2 ions in the gas phase coming together to form one solid compound
  • significant release of energy: this released energy is the lattice energy
81
Q

When nitric oxide reacts with ozone, the order of reaction will be

A

2nd order

nitric oxide - NO
ozone - O3

yields nitrogen dioxide (NO2) and O2

82
Q

During electrolysis, reduction occurs at the

A

cathode

AN OX, RED CAT (if u put a cat in a blender it will turn red)

83
Q

The reason of highest electronegativity value of fluorine is

A

smaller size and higher nuclear charge in the respective period

  • small size: smaller means electrons are very close to the nucleus = pull of them is stronger
  • more nuclear charge = more protons in its nucleus
84
Q

Valence shell electron pair repulsion theory explains

A

ITS LONG FOR VSEPR

explains shapes

85
Q

coordination number

A

simply the count of how many atoms or ions are directly attached to a central atom or ion

86
Q

coordination number of Na

A

6

each sodium ion is surrounded by 6 Cl- ions

87
Q

cracking & catalytic cracking

A

cracking: process where large, heavy hydrocarbon molecules found in crude oil are broken down into smaller, lighter molecules

catalytic: a catalyst is used that speeds up the chemical reaction without being consumed in the process

used to obtain better quality gasoline

88
Q

Homocyclic organic compounds are sub divided into two types

A

Alicyclic and Aromatic

homocyclic organic compounds: type of chemical compound where the ring is made up of only carbon atoms

alicyclic compounds (non-aromatic): single carbon rings without special stability

aromatic compounds: have special stability due to unique arrangement of alternating double and single bonds

89
Q

alkylation & acylation + usefulness

A

alkylation: adding an alkyl (group of carbon-hydrogens, whatever count) group to a molecule
- useful: make molecules larger and often more useful for different purposes, like creating higher-octane gasoline

acylation: adding an acyl group (group containing a carbonyl group, C=O, and a carbon chain) to a molecule
- useful: acylation is important in making pharmaceuticals, perfumes, and other chemicals

90
Q

benzene

A

ring of 6 carbon atoms

91
Q

Acetophenone can be formed by which of the following reaction of benzene?

A

Friedal craft acylation

  • acetophenone is a ketone because it ends in one and benzene is an aromatic ring
92
Q

Friedal Crafts Acylation

A

involves the addition of an acyl group (removal of one or more hydroxyl groups from an oxyacid (C=O-R) to an aromatic ring (ring of atoms joined by covalent bonds)

  • in a Friedel-Crafts acylation reaction, the aromatic ring is transformed into a ketone
93
Q

cycloalkanes + generic formula

A

cycloalkanes: type of hydrocarbon where the carbon atoms are arranged in a ring or loop structure. unlike alkanes, which have a straight or branched chain of carbon atoms, cyclohexanes form a closed ring

generic formula: Cn H2n

94
Q

what do these generic formulas represent + short description of what they are:

  1. Cn H2n+2
  2. Cn H2n
  3. Cn H2n-2
A
  1. alkanes (saturated hydrocarbons, have all carbon-carbon single bonds)
  2. alkenes (have at least 1 carbon-carbon double bond) or cycloalkanes (have a ring structure)
  3. alkynes (have at least 1 carbon-carbon triple bond) or dienes (compounds with 2 double bonds)
95
Q

phenols vs alcohols

A

alcohols: -OH group attached to a simple carbon chain

phenols: like alcohol but instead of being attached to simple carbon chain, -OH group is attached to a benzene (ring-shaped molecule made of 6 carbons)

96
Q

what reaction differentiates alcohol from phenol?

A

halogenation reaction

because phenols react with halogens due to increased reactivity of aromatic ring whereas alcohols do not react the same way

97
Q

Lucas test

A

used to differentiate between primary, secondary, and tertiary alcohols

using a solution of anhydrous zinc chloride in concentrated HCl

how it works:
- tertiary alcohols react immediately
- secondary react more slowly
- primary alcohols do not react at room temperature

98
Q

difference between primary, secondary, and tertiary alcohols

A

based on number of carbon atoms attached to the carbon that holds the -OH group

primary: carbon with the -OH group is attached to only 1 other carbon atom (everything else is either H or something else)
- ex. ethanol

secondary: carbon with the -OH group is attached to 2 other carbon atoms
- ex. isopropanol

tertiary: carbon with the -OH group is attached to 3 other carbon atoms
- ex. tert-butanol

99
Q

halogenation (how it works + uses)

A

used to add halogen atoms (like chlorine or bromine) to organic compounds, typically alkanes or alkenes

how it works: halogen atoms replace hydrogen atoms in the organic molecule, often requiring heat or light to initiate the reaction

useful: halogenated compounds are important in making many chemicals, including solvents and refrigerants

100
Q

nitration (how it works + uses)

A

adding a nitro group (NO2) to an organic compounds, such as benzene

how it works: mixture of nitric acid and sulfuric acid is used to add the nitro group to the aromatic ring

useful: nitrated compounds are used in making explosives and dyes

101
Q

iodoform test + how it works

A

used to identify methyl ketones or compounds that can be oxidized to methyl ketones

how it works: when treated with iodine and a base, methyl ketones produce a yellow precipitate of iodoform (CHI3), indicating their presence

methyl ketones: molecules where a CH3 group is directly attached to a carbon thats double bonded to oxygen (C=O)
- ex. acetone

102
Q

The order of reactivity of alcohols when C-O bonds break is:

A

tertiary → secondary → primary

(most easily broken first)

102
Q

generic formulas of the following:

  1. ether
  2. carboxylic acid
  3. ketones
A
  1. Ether: Cn H2n+2 O
    R - O - R’
  2. Carboxylic Acid: Cn H2n O2
    R - COOH
  3. Ketones: Cn H2n O
    R - CO - R’
103
Q

The amount of energy associated with quantum of radiation is directly proportional to:

A

frequency

uses E=hf

E - energy of quantum (energy associated with quantum of radiation, but really just energy)

h - planck’s constant (6.626 x 10 ^-34)

f - frequency

104
Q

azimuthal quantum number and magnetic quantum number

A

azimuthal quantum number (l): determines shape of an electron’s orbital
- takes on values from 0 up to n-1 where n is principal quantum number (main energy level)

magnetic quantum number (ml): determines orientation (direction) of orbital in space. for any l, ml can take on integer values from -l to +l

105
Q

If value of azimuthal quantum number is 2 then what will the total values of magnetic quantum number be?

A

5

because l is 2 so ml is anywhere from -2 to 2 which is 5 values in the middle

106
Q

Total number of directions of f-orbitals in space are

A

7

  • f orbitals have an l number of 3
  • since ml gives orientation (direction) of orbital in space, value can take on any number from -3 to 3 so:
    -3, -2, -1, 0, 1, 2, 3 so 7 number of directions
107
Q

schrodinger’s wave equation

A
  • predicts behavior and properties of particles, such as electrons, at the atomic and subatomic levels
  • shows that particles have wave like properties
108
Q

Which quantum number is not obtained from Schrodinger Wave equation?

A

spin quantum number (ms)

109
Q

Aufbau principle

A

states that electrons fill atomic orbitals of the lowest available energy levels before occupying higher levels

  • aufbau means “building up” in German
110
Q

Hund’s Rule

A

states that degenerate orbitals (orbitals having the same energy level) will occupy empty orbitals singly as far as possible before pairing up

  • ex. for all of the p’s, place one electron in every box and then double at the end
111
Q

n + l rule (madelung rule)

A

helps predict order in which orbitals are filled based on their energy levels

n = principal energy level
l = azimuthal quantum number

orbitals are filled in order of increasing n + l value. if 2 orbitals have the same n + l value, the orbital with the lower n value is filled first

ex:
- 3s orbital (n=3, l=0) has a n + l value of 3
- 2p orbital (n=2, l=1) has a n + l value of 3
- since both have the same n + l value, the 2p orbital is filled before the 3s orbital because it has a lower n value

112
Q

pauli exclusion principle

A

states that an orbital can hold a maximum of 2 electrons, and these electrons must have opposite spins

  • explains why electrons fill orbitals in pairs with opposite spins
113
Q

kinetic theory of gases (KMT)

A

explains behavior of gases as particles in constant random motion

key concepts:
- gas particles are always in motion, moving in random directions at various speeds

  • elastic collisions: these particles collide with each other and walls of container. elastic meaning no energy is lost in the collision
  • pressure: pressure of gas is due to collisions of particles with walls of container
    -> more collisions = higher pressure

temperature: more average kinetic energy (particles move faster) means higher temp

114
Q

crystal field theory

A

explains electronic structure and properties of transition metal complexes (compounds formed by transition metals with ligands)

key points:
- transition metal ions can form complexes by binding to ligands (molecules or ions that donate electron pairs)

  • d orbital splitting: when ligands approach a transition metal ion, they interact with the metal’s d-orbitals, causing orbitals to split into different energy levels

color and magnetism: splitting of d-orbital affects color and magnetic properties of complex
- Different arrangements of ligands lead to different splittings and, hence, different properties.

115
Q

The SI unit for pressure is

A

pascal

116
Q

1st law of thermodynamics

A

states that energy is conserved - energy cannot be created or destroyed in a closed system, only converted between different forms like heat and work

∆U = Q - W

∆U = change in internal energy
Q = heat added to system
W = work done by system

117
Q

The S.I unit capacitance of a capacitors is:

A

Farad (F)

117
Q

1 kWh (kilowatt-hour) is equal to how many Joules

A

3.6 x 10^6 J or 3.6 million joules

  • unit of energy often used for electricity consumption
118
Q

The weber is unit of measure of:

A

magnetic flux

119
Q

A current generator is a device that converts:

A

mechanical energy into electrical energy

120
Q

isochoric (also called isovolumetric) process

A

thermodynamic process in which volume of the system remains constant

  • no work is done by the system because no change in volume because in confined/closed container
  • any change in the system’s internal energy is due to heat transfer
121
Q

how to solve this problem: If 42 J of heat is transferred to the system during expansion, what is the change in internal energy when work done is 32 J?

A

calculating internal energy using work and heat added: ∆U = Q - W

∆U = change in internal energy
Q = heat added to the system
W = work done by the system

∆U = 42 J - 32 J = 10 J

122
Q

While studying charging and discharging of a capacitor, Rc = Resistance x Capacitance is known as?

A

Time constant (τ)

123
Q

capacitor + charging & discharging

A

device that stores electrical energy that typically consists of 2 metal plates separated by an insulating material called a dielectric

(think small bucket that can quickly fill up with electrical charge and then pour it out when needed)

charging: charging is when it is connected to an power source and starts storing electrical energy
discharging: when you disconnect the power source and it releases the stored electrical energy

124
Q

Resistance (R), Capacitance (C), and Time Constant (τ) in capacitor

A

Resistance (R): Measure of how much a component resists flow of electric current

Capacitance (C): measure of capacitor’s ability to store an electric charge (capacity)

Time Constant (τ): measure of how quickly the capacitor charges or discharges
- time it takes for the voltage across capacitor to either charge up to about 63% of its maximum value or discharge down to about 37% of its initial value

125
Q

dielectric constant (relative permittivity)

A

measure of how well a material can store electrical energy in an electric field compared to a vacuum

how good a material is at storing electric charge

  • higher the dielectric constant, more electrical energy the material can store
126
Q

proportionality constant

A

constant value that relates 2 variables that are directly proportional to each other

basically the variable in any equation really like A = kB where k is constant

127
Q

parallel combination of 2 capacitors, their equivalent capacitance is equal to

A

C1 + C2

parallel combination: both capacitors are connected directly across the same 2 points, so they both experience the same voltage
- total charge stored is the sum of the charges stored by each capacitor

128
Q

resistance of a wire formula

A

R = ρ L/A

R = resistance
ρ (rho) = resistivity of the material (a constant for a given material)
L = length of the wire
A = cross sectional area of the wire

change in wire lengths can be calculated using this formula

  • resistance directly proportional to cross-sectional area and inversely proportional to length
129
Q

direction of charged particle when it enters a magnetic field based on whether it enters parallel or perpendicular

A
  • when a charged particle enters a magnetic field, it experiences a force but the direction of force depends on the
130
Q

magnetic field strength (H) & magnetic induction (B)

A

magnetic field strength: effort or force you use to create a magnetic field
- push you apply to a swing to make it move

magnetic induction: result of that efforts - how strong the magnetic field actually becomes
- like how high the swing goes after you push it

131
Q

magnetic flux

A

total amount of magnetic field passing through a certain area

  • think of it like water flowing through a net, the more water (magnetic field lines) that pass through, the greater the flux
  • measured in webers (Wb)
132
Q

magnetic force

A

force exerted by a magnetic field on a moving charged particle or another magnetic object

  • the push and pull that magnets exert on each other or on other magnetic materials
  • measured in newtons (N)
133
Q

the dimension of magnetic field strength is the same as that of

A

magnetic induction

both have newtons per ampere-meter (N/A*m)

134
Q

Lenz’s law

A

basically says that if something causes a magnetic field to change, the induced current will try to resist or counteract that change

  • ex. if you push a swing in one direction, the swing will naturally move in the opposite direction to resist that push

is also a statement of the law of conservation of energy because energy cannot be created or destroyed so this is trying to prevent that from happening so energy input equals energy output

135
Q

Fleming’s right hand rule

A

simple way to remember the direction of induced current when a conductor (like a wire) move through a magnetic field

thumb: points in the direction of motion of the conductor (the way its moving)

first (index) finger: points in the direction of the magnetic field (from north to south)

second (middle) finger: points in the direction of the induced current (flow of electrons )

136
Q

If the car is slowing down along the negative x axis then acceleration will be along

A

positive x axis

  • car is slowing down so acceleration is acting in the opposite direction to motion so it has to be in the opposite direction to motion
137
Q

how to make this more grammatically correct: Him and I went to the concert last night

A

He and I went to the concert last night

138
Q

the instantaneous velocity along the curved path is

A

along the tangent

because thats the derivative and the derivative is the instantaneous velocity

  • object along curved path keeps changing direction but at any specific point, its instantaneous velocity (speed and direction at that exact moment) points in the direction tangent to the curve
139
Q

relationship between pressure and speed of sound

A

increase or decrease in pressure has no effect on the speed of sound

140
Q

2 things that change the speed of sound moving through a medium

A

medium’s temperature: higher temps make molecules move faster, which allows sound waves to propagate more quickly

medium’s density & elasticity: this relates to how easily molecules can be compressed and how quickly they return to their original state

141
Q

crest & trough of a transverse wave + compressions & rarefactions of a longitudinal wave

A

transverse:

crest: highest point of the wave (the peak)
- above the mean level

trough: lowest point of the wave (the dip)

longitudinal:

compressions: regions where particles are closest together, where wave reaches maximum in terms of density or pressure

rarefactions: regions where particles are spread out, where wave reaches a minimum in terms of density or pressure

142
Q

longitudinal vs transverse waves

A

transverse waves: move up and down or side to side perpendicular to the direction wave is traveling
- ex. light waves, water waves

longitudinal waves: move back and forth parallel to direction wave is traveling
- ex. sound waves

143
Q

how to solve this question:
A 32 g radioactive element decays and remains 2g after 60 days. What is half-life of this radioactive element?

A

15 days

to find half-life, calculate how many times the initial quantity must halve to reach 2g

32g → 16g (halved once) → 8g (halved twice) → 4g (halved thrice) → 2g (halved 4 times)

so element halved 4 times to reach 2g. Since this took 60 days, half-life is 60 days/4 = 15 days

144
Q

what is a perfectly elastic collision and what is conserved during it

A

when 2 objects collide and bounce off each other without any loss of energy and with the same speed they had before the collision

momentum, kinetic energy, and total energy are all conserved

145
Q

slope of displacement-time graph is equal to

A

velocity

146
Q

at what point during the motion of projectile is its vertical component of velocity zero?

A

highest point

147
Q

change in momentum is equal to

A

product of force and time

product of force and time is known as impulse. impulse changes the momentum of an object

148
Q

impulse-momentum theorem

A

states that the impulse applied to an object is equal to the change in its momentum

J = ∆p = p final - p initial

J = impulse
p = momentum which is p = m x v
( mass x velocity )

  • means that when a force is applied to an object for a certain amount of time, it changes the object’s velocity, and therefore, its momentum
149
Q

force

A

what causes an object to accelerate (change its velocity)

  • the “push” or “pull” acting on an object

F = m · a

150
Q

angular momentum

A

related to objects that are rotating or spinning

  • depends on object’s rotational velocity, mass, and the distance from the center of rotation (radius)

angular momentum = moment of inertia x angular velocity

  • different from linear momentum, which deals with objects moving in a straight line
151
Q

range of a projectile on a horizontal plane is the same for which pair of angles

A

for angles that are complimentary (meaning they add to 90º)

152
Q

Work done (W) to lift an object to a certain height is equal to _______________________________________________________.

A

the potential energy gained by the object at that height

  • this is because work done against gravity to raise the object is stored as potential energy
153
Q

how to answer this question:

the object has 1 J of P.E. What is the work done in terms of height?

A

answer: 1 J

W = P.E.

  • work done to lift that object to that height is equal to the potential energy that that object gains
154
Q
A

mdcat (11 decks)

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