PRELIMS: Stroke Rehab Flashcards
What is early neurological recovery following a stroke attributable to?
Early recovery is attributed to the resolution of edema, allowing structurally intact but nonfunctional neurons to regain function.
What drives functional recovery in stroke rehabilitation?
Functional recovery is driven by neurological recovery and rehabilitation efforts.
What does late neurological recovery involve?
Late neurological recovery involves neuroplasticity, where the brain reorganizes itself to compensate for lost functions.
Why is reperfusion of the ischemic penumbra critical?
Reperfusion allows nonfunctional but viable neurons to regain function and supports clinical recovery.
Why is functional recovery important?
It ensures that individuals can return to their daily activities and improve their quality of life.
What does cortical reorganization involve?
Cortical reorganization involves functional changes in the motor cortex due to skilled movement acquisition and injury-induced changes in remaining cortical tissue.
What is the ischemic penumbra?
The ischemic penumbra is a region surrounding the core infarct area where blood flow is reduced but still salvageable.
What is diaschisis?
Diaschisis is the loss or decrease in function of a brain region distant from the primary injury due to disrupted neuronal connections.
In which Brunnstrom stage does movement begin to emerge outside of synergy?
Stage 4.
What mechanisms contribute to the resolution of diaschisis?
Restoration of blood flow, neuronal plasticity, reestablishment of neural pathways, reduction in metabolic depression, and rehabilitation.
What are the mechanisms of neuroplasticity?
Neuronal regeneration/collateral sprouting and functional reorganization/unmasking.
What is a common lower extremity synergy pattern post-stroke?
Extension synergy (e.g., hip extension, knee extension).
Extension synergy (e.g., hip extension, knee extension).
Stage 1 is characterized by flaccidity with no voluntary movement.
What is a common upper extremity synergy pattern post-stroke?
: Flexor synergy (e.g., shoulder flexion, elbow flexion).
Stage 1 is characterized by flaccidity with no voluntary movement.
Marked spasticity with movement primarily in synergy patterns.
What is the role of tonic reflexes in Brunnstrom’s approach?
Tonic reflexes (TNR, TLR, tonic lumbar reflexes) help to initiate movements or inhibit undesired muscular responses by influencing muscle tone and movement patterns.
How can cutaneous stimulation be utilized in Brunnstrom’s approach?
Cutaneous stimulation can reinforce flexor or extensor muscles or muscle groups locally to support motor function and recovery.
What are associated reactions in hemiplegic patients?
Associated reactions are involuntary movements or reflexive increases in muscle tone observed in involved extremities when other parts of the body are moved or resisted.
What defines Stage 6 of Brunnstrom’s stages of recovery?
The return of more isolated and coordinated movement patterns.
Why are limb synergies considered necessary in stroke recovery according to Brunnstrom?
Limb synergies are necessary as they precede the restoration of advanced motor function and represent a stage of gross movement that must be developed before more refined movements can occur.
What is Homolateral Limb Synkinesis?
It is an associated reaction where voluntary movement of the hip flexion on the affected side evokes flexion of the upper extremity on the same side.
Describe the components of the upper extremity flexor synergy.
The upper extremity flexor synergy includes scapular retraction, shoulder abduction/external rotation, elbow flexion, forearm supination, wrist, and finger flexion. Elbow flexion is the strongest component and appears first.
Explain Raimiste’s Phenomena.
Raimiste’s Phenomena is an associated reaction where hip adduction or abduction on one side elicits the same movement in the opposite limb.
What are the key characteristics of Stage 2 in Brunnstrom’s recovery stages?
In Stage 2, spasticity begins to develop, and reflexes may start to return.
