FINALS: Cardiac Rehabilitation Flashcards
(55 cards)
What are the positive risk factors for cardiac rehabilitation based on age?
Men: >45 years old
Women: >55 years old
How does smoking contribute to positive risk factors in cardiac rehabilitation?
Cigarette smoking is a known positive risk factor for cardiac rehabilitation due to its effects on cardiovascular health.
What is considered a positive family history risk factor for cardiac rehabilitation?
Myocardial infarction (MI), coronary revascularization, or sudden death before 55 years in father; before 65 years in mother
How does dyslipidemia affect the risk for cardiac rehabilitation?
Abnormal lipid levels (e.g., high LDL, low HDL) increase the risk.
What BMI indicates obesity as a positive risk factor for cardiac rehabilitation?
BMI >30 kg/m²
Waist girth: >102 cm (40 in) for men, >88 cm (35 in) for women
How does a sedentary lifestyle affect cardiac risk?
Not participating in at least 30 minutes of moderate-intensity physical activity on at least 3 days per week for at least 3 months is a positive risk factor.
What blood pressure values are considered a positive risk factor for cardiac rehabilitation?
Systolic BP ≥140 mmHg
Diastolic BP ≥90 mmHg
What is the role of pre-diabetes in cardiac rehabilitation risk factors?
Pre-diabetes increases the risk for cardiovascular events and is considered a positive risk factor.
Pre-diabetes increases the risk for cardiovascular events and is considered a positive risk factor.
Palpation or auscultation of heart sounds
Observing for irregularities in heart rate and rhythm
What is pulsus alternans, and what does it indicate?
Pulsus alternans is an alternating strong and weak pulse, which can indicate heart failure or significant cardiac dysfunction.
What should be observed in a respiratory examination for a cardiac patient?
Respiratory rate and rhythm
Shortness of breath (SOB) on exertion
Paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea (PND)
Orthopnea
What is orthostatic hypotension in the context of cardiac examination?
A significant drop in BP when standing (more than 20 mmHg systolic or 10 mmHg diastolic) could indicate orthostatic hypotension.
What is the six-minute walk test used for in cardiac rehabilitation?
To predict VO2max and assess functional capacity by measuring the distance walked in 6 minutes.
What is the dyspnea scale, and what do the grades mean?
+1: Mild, noticeable to patient but not to observer
+2: Mild, some difficulty, noticeable to observer
+3: Moderate difficulty, but can continue
+4: Severe difficulty, patient cannot continue
: What does jugular vein distention (JVD) indicate during a cardiac examination?
JVD can indicate heart failure or increased central venous pressure.
What is the purpose of an exercise tolerance test (ETT)?
To determine physiological responses during exercise
Assess functional exercise capacity
Serve as a basis for exercise prescription
Screen for coronary artery disease (CAD)
What are the two types of exercise tolerance tests?
Submaximal: Used for post-operative patients, sedentary individuals, or stable patients.
Maximal: Used for stable patients, during rehabilitation, or for progression.
How is the target heart rate calculated using Karvonen’s formula?
Target HR = (HRmax - RHR) x (60-80%) + RHR
HRmax = 220 - age
RHR = Resting Heart Rate
What are the criteria for termination during an exercise tolerance test?
Onset of moderate to severe angina
Systolic BP ≥240 mmHg or Diastolic BP ≥110 mmHg
1mm ST segment depression
Increased ventricular arrhythmias
2nd or 3rd degree heart block
What factors may impact participation in cardiac rehabilitation?
Cost, illness, transportation difficulties, distance, work, embarrassment, lack of motivation, and time constraints.
What are the benefits of cardiac rehabilitation?
Improved functional capacity
Reduced mortality rates
Fewer hospital readmissions
Improved quality of life
Reduced risk of a second cardiac event
What are common myths about cardiac rehabilitation?
Patients often believe rehab is unsafe, too time-consuming, unaffordable, or that they already know everything about their health.
What are the indications for cardiac rehabilitation?
Post-myocardial infarction (4-36 hours)
Stable angina
Coronary artery bypass graft surgery (48-72 hours post-op)
Congestive heart failure (compensated)
Cardiomyopathy
Cardiac surgery, pacemaker insertion
At-risk for coronary artery disease (e.g., diabetes, hyperlipidemia)
What strategies can increase participation in cardiac rehabilitation?
Home-based cardiac rehab, primary care physician involvement, and use of modern technology (telehealth, mobile apps).
