PRELIMS: Physiology of Motor Control Flashcards

1
Q

What is neural plasticity?

A

Neural plasticity, or neural adaptation, is the brain’s ability to change and adapt in response to environmental changes, experiences, behaviors, injuries, or diseases. It involves structural and functional changes in neurons.

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2
Q

What is Long-Term Potentiation (LTP)?

A

LTP increases the ability of neurons to respond to stimuli. It involves cooperativity, specificity, and associativity, strengthening connections between neurons.

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2
Q

What are the positive outcomes of neuroplasticity?

A

Positive outcomes include new skills, improved cognition, better communication, enhanced sensory and motor pathways, improved memory, and better function of the aging brain.

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3
Q

What can be the negative outcomes of neuroplasticity?

A

Negative outcomes include improper wiring leading to decline in brain function, altered motor control, impaired daily activities, and amplified perception of pain.

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3
Q

Explain Principle 1: Use It or Lose It

A

If a neural circuit is not actively engaged, it will degrade. Continuous use helps retain information and prevent degradation.

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3
Q

Explain Principle 3: Specificity

A

The nature of the training experience dictates the nature of the plasticity. Training should be specific to the function being targeted.

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3
Q

Explain Principle 7: Salience Matters

A

Training must be important and purposeful to the patient. Relevance and motivation enhance neural plasticity.

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4
Q

Explain Principle 2: Use It and Improve It

A

Specific training enhances both function and structure of the neural mechanisms involved in that behavior. More frequent use strengthens the related brain functions.

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4
Q

What is Apoptosis?

A

Apoptosis is the programmed, active cell death where neurons are systematically removed by the brain. We lose 1.5-3 million neurons a day.

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5
Q

Explain Principle 5: Intensity Matters

A

Training intensity must be sufficient to promote plasticity. The exercises should challenge the patient but remain achievable to be effective.

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5
Q

Explain Principle 10: Interference

A

Changes in neural function can impede the development of other skills. Therapy must be balanced to avoid negative impacts on retained functions

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5
Q

What are the steps for brain remodeling in neuroplasticity?

A

Steps include repetition of movement, correct fundamentals, salience to the patient, memory, foundation movements, and training in an authentic environment.

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5
Q

Explain Principle 4: Repetition Matters

A

Induction of plasticity requires sufficient repetition. Repeated practice strengthens motor programs and consolidates skills.

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6
Q

Explain Principle 6: Time Matters

A

Different forms of plasticity may occur at different times. Early intervention is crucial, but time delays can also establish compensatory behaviors that may interfere with rehabilitation.

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6
Q

What are the two types of neuronal death?

A

Apoptosis (active cell death) and Necrosis (passive cell death caused by injury).

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7
Q

What is Transneural Degeneration?

A

Transneural Degeneration is a cascading effect where the neuron connected to the injured neuron also dies, leading to further neuronal loss.

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7
Q

Explain Principle 8: Age Matters

A

Younger brains exhibit greater plasticity but can be more vulnerable to developmental impacts. Older individuals still show plasticity but may adapt more slowly.

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7
Q

What is Necrosis?

A

Necrosis is passive cell death due to injury or trauma. It often leads to damage and death of surrounding neurons.

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7
Q

Explain Principle 9: Transference

A

Improvement in one neural circuit can influence other circuits. Training in one area can benefit related or adjacent areas.

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8
Q

What is Anterograde Degeneration?

A

Anterograde Degeneration involves the distal segment of an axon and recovery is possible. Sprouting can occur in response to injury.

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8
Q

What is Retrograde Degeneration?

A

Retrograde Degeneration involves the death of the cell body and proximal axon. It can lead to transneural degeneration, affecting connected neurons.

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8
Q

What is Synaptic Plasticity?

A

Synaptic plasticity refers to changes in the strength of connections between synapses, including long-term potentiation (LTP) and long-term depression (LTD).

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9
Q

What is Long-Term Depression (LTD)?

A

LTD is the weakening of synaptic connections due to decreased activity. It involves the release of glutamate leading to lower depolarization and synapse reduction.

9
Q

What is Experience-Dependent Plasticity?

A

xperience-Dependent Plasticity occurs throughout life, where the brain adapts based on individual experiences, learning, and environmental changes, affecting synapse numbers and brain areas.

10
Q

What is Experience-Expectant Plasticity?

A

Experience-Expectant Plasticity involves the formation of neural circuits based on expected developmental milestones and typical sensory experiences during critical periods.

10
Q

What is Experience-Independent Plasticity?

A

Experience-Independent Plasticity involves brain development based on genetic instructions, occurring prenatally and forming basic neuronal connections.

11
Q

What is Hebbian Plasticity?

A

Hebbian Plasticity is based on the principle “cells that fire together, wire together,” where coordinated activity of presynaptic and postsynaptic neurons strengthens their connection.

12
Q

What is Down-Regulation in synaptic plasticity?

A

Down-Regulation involves a decrease in receptor sensitivity or the number of receptors, making the synapse less responsive.

12
Q

What is Up-Regulation in synaptic plasticity?

A

Up-Regulation refers to the increase in the number of receptors or sensitivity of synapses, such as in dopamine receptors for Parkinson’s disease.

12
Q

Training a person to have a specific response to a stimulus, extending from sensitization.

A

Classical Conditioning

13
Q

Learning based on predictive relationships, leading to automatic behaviors.

A

Operant Learning

13
Q

Involves conscious processes like awareness and attention, leading to knowledge that can be expressed verbally

A

Declarative Learning

14
Q

The non-damaged hemisphere may take over functions of the damaged side.

A

Cross-Hemispheric Adaptation

15
Q

Substances like acetylcholine regulate plasticity by controlling its activation.

A

Neuromodulation

15
Q

Reinnervation of original synapses by proximal axon segments, mainly in the PNS

A

Neuronal Rearrangement

15
Q

Involves the cerebellum and motor cortex, leading to automatic behaviors

A

Procedural Learning

16
Q

Learning through repeated exposure to new skills, often involving visual memory and mental practice.

A

Perceptual Learning

16
Q

Removal of unused or weaker synapses, leading to more efficient neural connections.

A

Synaptic Pruning

16
Q

Cutting weaker synapses while strengthening those that are frequently used, seen in the CNS.

A

Pruning

16
Q

Remote neurons reinnervate foreign denervated targets.

A

Neuronal Ingrowth

16
Q

Temporary disruption of brain function post-injury affecting connected areas.

A

Diaschisis

16
Q

Sprouting and re-establishing connections after injury.

A

Regenerative Synaptogenesis

16
Q

Surviving neurons expand their terminal fields to reinnervate vacated synapses.

A

Collateral Sprouting

17
Q

Reactivation of latent neuronal connections due to loss or damage in connected areas.

A

Unmasking

17
Q

Postsynaptic neurons become hyperactive due to loss of input.

A

Denervation Supersensitivity

17
Q

Neurons extend to connect with distant brain areas.

A

Neuronal Migration

17
Q

Creation of new synapses in response to neural growth or injury

A

Synaptogenesis

18
Q

Previously inactive synapses become functional through training.

A

Unmasking of Silent Synapses

18
Q

Brain swelling affecting neuronal function; includes cytotoxic and vasogenic types.

A

Edema

18
Q

Sensory information projects to specific brain areas, which can be reorganized after injury.

A

Cortical Maps

18
Q

Reorganization of sensory and motor areas following lesions, adapting to new inputs.q

A

Remapping

19
Q

The brain prioritizes changes based on the relevance and demands of tasks.

A

Behavioral Relevance

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19
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