PRELIMS: Reviewerzzzz Flashcards
This term refers to a false sensory perception not based on natural stimulation of a sensory receptor.
Illusion
Hallucination
Delusion
Agnosia
Hallucination
Which part of the brain is primarily associated with calculation abilities?
Frontal lobe
Temporal lobe
Left angular gyrus
Occipitallobe
Left angular gyrus
A patient shows emotional lability, frequently switching between crying and laughing. Which aspect of the mental status examination would this be assessed under?
Intellectual capacity
Streamoftalk
Mood and affective responses
Content of thought
Mood and affective responses
Apatient is unable to draw the left side of a clock face. Which type of dysfunction does this indicate?
A. Apraxia
B. Hemispatial inattention
C. Agnosia
D. Dysarthria
B. Hemispatial inattention
A patient cannot perform a sequence of actions such as threading a needle, despite having intact motor and sensory systems. Which condition does this suggest?
A. Dysarthria
B. Apraxia
C. Agnosia
B. Apraxia
During a neurologic exam, a patient is asked ot folow the examiner’s finger with their eyes without moving their head. Which cranial nerves are primarily being assessed?
A. CN I, II, III
B. CN III, IV, VI
C. CN V, VI, VI
D. CN VI I, VI I I, XI
B. CN III, IV, VI
A patient shows signs of prosopagnosia. Which brain region is most likely affected?
A. Right parietal lobe
B. Left temporal lobe
C. Inferomedial temporo-occipital region
D. Left frontal lobe
C. Inferomedial temporo-occipital region
A patient is unable to recognize familiar objects by touch but has intact sensory pathways. What condition does this suggest?
A. Apraxia
B. Agnosia
C. Dysphasia
D. Anosognosia
B. Agnosia
A physical therapist notices that a patient with suspected right parietal lobe lesion neglects their left side during tasks. What is the most appropriate test to further evaluate this condition?
A. Two-point discrimination lest
B. Line bisection test
C. Heel-to-loe walking
D. Finger-to-nose test
B. Line bisection test
A patient complains of numbness in a specific dermatome following a spinal injury. Which examination technique would be most appropriate?
A. Testing for sacral sensation
B. Conducting a Romberg test
C. Sensory testing of each dermatome
C. Sensory testing of each dermatome
Which sensory receptor is responsible for detecting deep pressure and vibration?
A. Merkel’s discs
B. Meissner’s corpuscles
C. Pacinian corpuscles
D. Ruffini endings
C. Pacinian corpuscles
Which spinal pathway is primarily involved in transmitling pain and temperature sensations?
A. Dorsal column-medial lemniscal pathway
B. Anterolateral spinothalamic pathway
C. Corticospinal tract
D. Reticulospinal tract
B. Anterolateral spinothalamic pathway
)A term that describes the sensation of pain originating from a stimulus that would not normally provoke pain.
A. Hyperesthesia
B. Allodynia
C. Hypoesthesia
D. Analgesia
B. Allodynia
During a sensory examination, a patient is unable to feel light touch on the tips of their fingers but can feel it on their palms. Which spinal tract is likely compromised?
A. Anterolateral spinothalamic tract
B. Dorsal column-medial lemniscal tract
C. Corticospinal tract
D. Rubrospinal tract
B. Dorsal column-medial lemniscal tract
A patient is asked to identify an object placed in their hand without looking at it. This test evaluates which type of sensation?
A. Proprioception
B. Stereognosis
C. Graphesthesia
D. Kinesthesia
B. Stereognosis
Describe the significance of the labeled line principle in sensory perception.
A. It refers to the ability of the brain to filter and integrate sensory information.
B. It indicates that each type of sensory nerve fiber is sensitive lo a single modality of sensation.
C. It describes the cross-connections between different sensory modalities.
B. It indicates that each type of sensory nerve fiber is sensitive lo a single modality of sensation.
Differentiate between the functions of the anterolateral spinothalamic pathway and the dorsal column-medial lemniscal pathway.
A. The anterolateral spinothalamic pathway transmits discriminative touch and proprioception, while the dorsal column-medial lemniscal pathway transmits pain and temperature
B. The anterolateral spinothalamic pathway transmits pain and temperature, while the dorsal column-medial lemniscal pathway transmits discriminative touch and proprioception.
C. Both pathways transmit all types of sensory information to the brain.
B. The anterolateral spinothalamic pathway transmits pain and temperature, while the dorsal column-medial lemniscal pathway transmits discriminative touch and proprioception.
Explain the significance of testing the patient’s ability to recognize texture during a sensory examination.
A. It assesses the patient’s memory function.
B. It evaluates the combined cortical sensations which require intact exteroceptive and proprioceptive receptors.
C. It tests for deep sensation capabilities.
D. It measures the patient’s pain threshold.
B. It evaluates the combined cortical sensations which require intact exteroceptive and proprioceptive receptors.
Explain the significance of testing the patient’s ability to recognize texture during a sensory examination.
A. It assesses the patient’s memory function.
B. it evaluates the combined cortical sensations which require intact exteroceptive and proprioceptive receptors.
C. It tests for deep sensation capabilities.
D. It measures the patient’s pain threshold.
B. it evaluates the combined cortical sensations which require intact exteroceptive and proprioceptive receptors.
Which nerve fibers are primarily responsible for transmitting sharp, acute pain?
A. A-alpha fibers
B. A-delta fibers
C. C fibers
D. B fibers
B. A-delta fibers
Which tract is involved in the voluntary control of distal musculature?
A. Corticospinal tract
B. Rubrospinal tract
C. Vestibulospinal tract
D. Reticulospinal tract
A. Corticospinal tract
What is the function of the basal ganglia in motor control?
A. To initiate and regulate voluntary movement
B. To process sensory information
C. To control autonomic functions
D. To regulate endocrine functions
A. To initiate and regulate voluntary movement
Which type of muscle fiber is characterized by high endurance and slow contraction speed?
A. Type I fibers
B. Type Ila fibers
C. Type Ilb fibers
D. Type Ill fibers
A. Type I fibers
What is the primary neurotransmitter involved in neuromuscular junctions?
A. Dopamine
B. Serotonin
C. Acetylcholine
C. Acetylcholine
Describe the difference between upper motor neurons (UMNs) and lower motor neurons (LMNs).
A. UMNs directly innervate muscles, while LMNs are located in the brain.
B. UMNs originate in the brain and spinal cord, while LMNs directly innervate muscles.
C. UMNs are involved in reflexes, while LMNs are involved in voluntary movements.
B. UMNs originate in the brain and spinal cord, while LMNs directly innervate muscles.
This term refers to the capacity of the CNS to adapt, change, and repair itself in response to injury or new experiences.
A) Motor Plan
B) Neural Plasticity
C) Motor Program
D) Feedback Control
B) Neural Plasticity
Which type of motor control is associated with feedback-based adjustments?
A) Proactive Control
B) Reflexive Control
C) Reactive Control
D) Autonomous Control
C) Reactive Control
he ‘clasp-knife’ phenomenon is a characteristic of:
A) Hypotonia
B) Spasticity
C) Rigidity
D) Dystonia
C) Rigidity
Which motor learning stage is characterized by refining skills with less conscious effort?
A) Cognitive Stage
B) Associative Stage
C Autonomous stage
D) Reflexive Stage
B) Associative Stage
A patient presents with a lesion in the basal ganglia. Which of the following motor abnormalities are they most likely to exhibit?
A) Spasticity
B) Hypotonia
C) Rigidity
D) Flaccidity
C) Rigidity
During a motor examination, a patient demonstrates resistance to passive movement independent of the speed of movement. This is most consistent with:
A) Spasticity
5) Rigidity
C) Dystonia
D) Flaccidity
5) Rigidity
. The Modified Ashworth Scale is primarily used to assess:
A) Coordination
B) Muscle strength
C) Spasticity
D) Reflex integrit
C) Spasticity
A patient with a decerebrate posture is most likely to have a lesion in which part of the CNS?
A) Cerebral Cortex
B Midbrain
C) Pons
D) Spinal Cord
B Midbrain
In the context of motor learning, ‘feedback’ refers to:
A) The advance signals sent to prepare the sensorimotor systems
B) The internal processes that result in permanent change in skilled behavior
C) The information received during oor after movement that is used for corrective actions
D) The ability to execute smooth, accurate, and controlled motor responses
C) The information received during oor after movement that is used for corrective actions
Which component of the motor examination is used to identify the patient’s baseline muscle tone and detect abnormalities such as spasticity or flaccidity?
A) Myotome Testing
B) Palpation
C) Reflex Testing
D) Passive Motion Testing
D) Passive Motion Testing
A patient with hyperreflexia in the lower limbs but normal upper limb reflexes is most likely suffering from:
A) Loper Motor Neuron Lesion
B) Upper Motor Neuron Lesion
C) Cerebellar Dysfunction
D) Peripheral Neuropathy
B) Upper Motor Neuron Lesion
Which of the following reflexes, if absent, would be most indicative of a lower motor neuron lesion?
A) Babinski Reflex
B) Patellar Reflex
C) Hoffman’s Reflex
D) Moro Reflex
B) Patellar Reflex
In motor learning, which stage is associated with conscious effort and significant focus on the details of the task?
A) Autonomous Stage
B) Cognitive Stage
C) Associative Stage
D) Reactive Stage
C) Associative Stage
Which theory of motor control suggests that movement is the result of the interaction between multiple systems, including mechanical, cobgnitive, and perceptual factors?
A) Motor Program Theory
B) Reflex Theory
C) Systems Theory
D) Schema neory
C) Systems Theory
A patient displays involuntary twisting movements and sustained abnormal postures. This is most characteristic of:
A) Spasticity
B) Rigidity
C) Dystonia
D) Flaccidity
C) Dystonia
A lesion at the level of C7 would most likely result in weakness during which movement?
A) Elbow flexion
B) Shoulder abduction
C) Elbow extension
D) Wrist flexion
C) Elbow extension
Which of the following signs would most likely indicate a lesion in the upper motor neuron system?
A) Hypotonia
B) Hyperreflexia
C) Areflexia
D) Muscle Atrophy
B) Hyperreflexia
Which of the following best describes the ‘feedforward’ mechanism in motor learning?
A) Adjustment of movements based on sensory feedback
B) Sending signals in advance to prepare the sensorimotor system for movement
C) Storage of information about the sequence of movements
D) The involuntary contraction of muscles during reflex actions
B) Sending signals in advance to prepare the sensorimotor system for movement
A patient is unable to recognize and correct errors in their motor performance. This deficit is most likely due to damage in which area?
A) Motor Cortex
B) Basal Ganglia
C) Cerebellum
D) Brainstem
C) Cerebellum
The ability to maintain focus on a task over an extended period is referred to as:
A) Selective Attention
B) Sustained Attention
C) Divided Attention
D) Alternating Attention
B) Sustained Attention
Which type of rigidity is characterized by a constant increase in muscle tone, making the limb feel uniformly stiff during passive movement?
A) Spasticity
B) Leadpipe Rigidity
C) Cogwheel Rigidity
D) Flaccidity
B) Leadpipe Rigidity
This type of movement is generated without the need for sensory feedback and relies on preprogrammed instructions.
A) Closed-Loop Control
B) Open-Loop Control
C) Reflexive Movement
D) Feedback Control
B) Open-Loop Control
Which of the following is a characteristic of upper motor neuron (UMN) syndrome?
A) Flaccidity
B) Fasciculations
C) Hyperreflexia
D)Muscle Atrophy
C) Hyperreflexia
In the context of motor control, the term “synergy” refers to:
A) A sequence of involuntary muscle contractions
B) The coordinated action of muscles working together to produce movement
C) The ability to perform tasks without conscious effort
D) The process of refining motor skills through practice
B) The coordinated action of muscles working together to produce movement
A patient presents with difficulty maintaining postural stability and a wide-based gait. Which system is most likely impaired?
A Visual System
B) Vestibular System
C) Motor Cortex
D) Somatosensory System
B) Vestibular System
Which stage of motor learning is most likely characterized by the learner being able to perform the skill automatically with little conscious effort?
A) Cognitive Stage
B) Associative Stage
C)Autonomous Stage
D) Reflexive Stage
C)Autonomous Stage
A patient with a TBI is exhibiting a rigid posture with upper limbs flexed and lower limbs extended. This is most indicative of:
A) Decorticate Rigidity
B) Decerebrate Rigidity
C) Opisthotonus
D) Spasticity
A) Decorticate Rigidity
Which of the following is considered an external focus of attention that can enhance motor learning?
A) Concentrating on the movement of your limbs +
B) Focusing on the outcome of the movement, such as hitting a target
C) Paying attention to your breathing during the movement +
D) Thinking about the sequence of steps in the movement +
B) Focusing on the outcome of the movement, such as hitting a target
The inability to initiate movement or the presence of hesitation during movement is most commonly associated with damage to which area?
A) Basal Ganglia
B) Cerebellum
C) Brainstem
D) Spinal Cord
B) Cerebellum
The presence of clonus in a patient suggests which type of motor dysfunction?
A) Hypotonia
B) Hypertonia
C) Dystonia
D) Flaccidity
B) Hypertonia
Which assessment tool would be most appropriate to evaluate a patient’s level of consciousness following a brain injury?
A) Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS)
B) Rancho Los Amigos Scale
C) Modified Ashworth Scale
D) Tinetti Balance Assessment
A) Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS)
Which of the following terms describes the loss of voluntary movement on one side of the body due to an upper motor neuron lesion?
A) Hemiparesis
B) Hemiplegia
C) Paraplegia
D) Quadriplegia
B) Hemiplegia
Which of the following would most likely be used to measure the velocity-dependent increase in muscle tone?
A) Deep Tendon Reflexes
B) Modified Tardieu Scale
C) Rancho Los Amigos Scale
D) Functional Reach Test
B) Modified Tardieu Scale
. A patient with a lesion in the cerebellum is most likely to exhibit which of the following symptoms?
A) Intention Tremor
B) Resting Tremor
C) Spasticity
D) Muscle Rigidity
A) Intention Tremor
The concept of ‘feedforward’ in motor control primarily involves:
A) Sensory feedback used to adjust movements
B) Motor commands sent in advance to prepare the body for movement
C) Learning new motor skills through repeated practice
D) The retention and recall of motor skills
B) Motor commands sent in advance to prepare the body for movement
Which of the following signs would most likely indicate a lower motor neuron (LMN) lesion?
A) Hyperreflexia
B) Muscle Atrophy
C) Spasticity
D) Rigidity
B) Muscle Atrophy
A patient exhibits an exaggerated full movement of extremities when tested for primitive reflexes. This response would be graded as:
A) 0+
B) 1+
C) 2+
D) 3+
D) 3+
A patient with segmental dystonia will most likely experience:
A) Sustained muscle contractions affecting one part of the body *
B) Involuntary twisting movements in adjacent regions of the body
C) Muscle flaccidity and weakness
D) Persistent postures due to spasticity
D) Persistent postures due to spasticity
Which of the following is most characteristic of a patient in the “minimally conscious state”?
A) Consistent purposeful movement
B) Reflexive responses to stimuli
C) No response to repeated painful stimuli
D) Irregular sleep-wake cycles without awareness of the environment
D) Irregular sleep-wake cycles without awareness of the environment
In a neurological examination, which reflex is elicited by a light stroke applied to the skin and is indicative of corticospinal tract integrity?
A) Patellar Reflex
B) Babinski Sign
C) Hoffman’s Reflex
D) Moro Reflex
B) Babinski Sign
