FINALS: Other Systems Review

Question 1

What is AIDS?

Answer 1

A: Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome, the last stage of HIV infection with CD4+ T cell count <200 cells/µL and opportunistic infections.

Question 2

Q: Name the modes of HIV transmission.

Answer 2

A: Blood transfusion, sharing needles, mother-to-child during pregnancy, and sexual contact.

Question 3

Q: Is there a cure for HIV?

Answer 3

A: No, but antiretroviral therapy (ART) can manage the disease effectively.

Question 3

Q: What is a tumor?

Answer 3

A: A tissue mass of abnormal size, either benign (slow-growing) or malignant (cancerous).

Question 3

Q: What does Tis mean in the TNM system?

Answer 3

A: Tumor is in situ (localized and non-invasive).

Question 3

Q: What is the TNM staging system?

Answer 3

A: Tumor (T) size/extent, Node (N) involvement, and Metastasis (M) presence.

Question 4

Q: What are common features of malignant tumors?

Answer 4

A: Rapid growth, cellular anaplasia, and the potential to metastasize.

Question 5

Q: What is the ABCDE rule for skin cancer?

Answer 5

A: Asymmetry
B: Border irregularity
C: Color variation
D: Diameter >6mm
E: Evolving features

Question 6

Q: What is multiple myeloma?

Answer 6

A: A hematologic cancer of plasma cells causing bone pain, fractures, renal failure, and anemia.

Question 7

Q: What causes osteomalacia?

Answer 7

A: Calcium or phosphorus deficiency, leading to soft bones due to poor matrix calcification.

Question 8

Q: What is the hallmark sign of Paget’s disease?

Answer 8

A: Enlarged, weak, and structurally disorganized bones.

Question 8

Q: What is PTSD?

Answer 8

A: Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder, characterized by reliving trauma, hypervigilance, and functional impairment.

Question 8

Q: What is hypochondria?

Answer 8

A: Excessive concern about having serious illnesses despite medical reassurance.

Question 8

Q: What is fibromyalgia?

Answer 8

A: A chronic pain syndrome with widespread pain, fatigue, sleep disturbances, and tender points.

Question 8

Q: Define bipolar disorder.

Answer 8

A: A mood disorder with swings between depression and mania.

Question 8

Q: What are sickle cells in sickle cell disease?

Answer 8

A: Abnormally crescent-shaped red blood cells causing pain crises, strokes, and avascular necrosis.

Question 9

Q: How is osteoporosis diagnosed?

Answer 9

A: Bone densitometry (DEXA scan).

Question 9

Q: What is hemophilia?

Answer 9

A hereditary coagulation defect; types include:

Hemophilia A: Factor VIII deficiency
Hemophilia B (Christmas disease): Factor IX deficiency

Question 10

Q: What are the diagnostic criteria for chronic fatigue syndrome?

Answer 10

A: Fatigue >6 months, unrelieved by rest, reducing daily activity by 50%, and ≥4 associated symptoms.

Question 12

A 40-year-old female with a history of untreated HIV presents with weight loss, pneumocystis pneumonia, and recurrent infections. Lab tests reveal a CD4+ count of 180.

Q: How is AIDS diagnosed?
Q: What is a key opportunistic infection seen in AIDS?

Answer 12

A: CD4+ T cell count <200 cells/µL or presence of AIDS-defining illnesses.
A: Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia (PCP).

Question 13

Case: A 45-year-old female presents with a lump in the upper outer quadrant of the left breast, irregular in shape and fixed to underlying tissue.

Q: What is the primary diagnostic tool?
Q: How is breast cancer staged?

Answer 13

A: Mammography followed by biopsy.
A: TNM system (Tumor size, Node involvement, Metastasis).

Question 14

Case: A 60-year-old male presents with back pain, anemia, hypercalcemia, and renal dysfunction.

Q: What is the hallmark finding in multiple myeloma?
Q: What imaging is critical?

Answer 14

A: Monoclonal protein (M-protein) spike in serum or urine.
A: Skeletal survey (lytic lesions).

Question 14

A 55-year-old male with a lesion on the back that is asymmetric, has irregular borders, varied colors, and a diameter of 7 mm.

Q: What does the ABCDE rule suggest about this lesion?
Q: What is the next step in management?

Answer 14

A: Likely melanoma.
A: Excisional biopsy with histopathological evaluation.

Question 15

Case: A 65-year-old female presents with diffuse bone pain, difficulty standing, and bowing of legs. Blood tests show low calcium and phosphorus.
Q: What is the pathophysiology of osteomalacia?
Q: Key diagnostic test?

Answer 15

A: Insufficient bone matrix calcification due to deficiencies in calcium, vitamin D, or phosphorus.
A: Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels and X-rays (Looser zones).

Question 16

Case: A 70-year-old male has enlarged but fragile bones with localized pain and deformities.

Q: What imaging findings are expected?
Q: Common complication?

Answer 16

A: Thickened, disorganized trabeculae on X-ray.
A: Pathologic fractures and osteosarcoma.

Question 17

Case: A 30-year-old combat veteran presents with nightmares, hypervigilance, and flashbacks of traumatic events for over 6 months.

Q: What diagnostic criteria apply?
Q: Initial treatment approach?

Answer 17

A: Symptoms persisting >1 month, significant functional impairment.
A: Trauma-focused CBT and SSRIs.

Question 18

Case: A 28-year-old female with persistent fatigue for 8 months, not relieved by rest, and associated with myalgia, headaches, and unrefreshing sleep.

Q: What are the diagnostic criteria?
Q: Key management strategy?

Answer 18

A: Fatigue >6 months with ≥4 symptoms such as myalgia, tender lymph nodes, or memory impairment
A: Graded exercise therapy and cognitive behavioral therapy.

Question 20

A 25-year-old male presents with fatigue, mild fever, and lymphadenopathy but no significant infections. He has a history of unprotected sexual contact.

Q: What stage of HIV infection does this describe?
Q: What is the primary diagnostic test?

Answer 20

A: Early/Acute HIV infection.
A: HIV antigen/antibody test, followed by confirmatory Western blot or PCR.