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N-Eval > PRELIMS: Examination for Motor Function > Flashcards

PRELIMS: Examination for Motor Function Flashcards

1
Q

Which tract is involved in the voluntary control of distal musculature?

A

Corticospinal tract

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2
Q

What is the function of the basal ganglia in motor control?

A

To initiate and regulate voluntary movement

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3
Q

Which type of muscle fiber is characterized by high endurance and slow contraction speed?

A

Type I fibers

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4
Q

What is the primary neurotransmitter involved in neuromuscular junctions?

A

Acetylcholine

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5
Q

Describe the difference between upper motor neurons (UMNs) and lower motor neurons (LMNs).

A

UMNs originate in the brain and spinal cord, while LMNs directly innervate muscles.

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6
Q

This concept involves storing information about the order, timing, force, and muscles used in movements, with sensory feedback modifying the resulting actions.

A

Generalized Motor Programs (GMPs)

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7
Q

A complex program for purposeful movement that consists of several component motor programs.

A

Motor Plan

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7
Q

Includes core neurons in the brainstem that arouse and awaken the brain, controlling the sleep-wake cycle.

A

Ascending Reticular Activating System

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7
Q

Internal processes linked to practice or experience that lead to permanent changes in skilled behavior.

A

Motor Learning

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7
Q

This type of memory involves the recall of motor programs, including information on initial movement conditions, sensory parameters, specific performance parameters, and the outcome of the movement.

A

Motor Memory (Procedural Memory)

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7
Q

A distributed model of motor control where multiple systems, including mechanical, cognitive, and perceptual factors, interact to produce coordinated movement.

A

Systems Theory

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7
Q

The process of reacquiring the ability to perform movements as before an injury, contrasted with performing movement in a new manner using different muscles or limbs.

A

Recovery and Compensation

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7
Q

The ability to take in, store, and recall information is a key part of this cognitive component.

A

Memory

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8
Q

Broad-based memory and learning impairments are typically seen in this condition.

A

Dementia

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8
Q

The CNS’s adaptive capacity to change and repair, involving both short-term changes in synaptic strength and long-term changes in genes, neurons, and networks.

A

Neural Plasticity

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8
Q

Refers to the state of arousal with awareness of the environment, where the patient is awake, alert, and oriented.

A

Consciousness

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8
Q

Involves voluntary movements of distal muscles and includes pathways like the corticospinal and rubrospinal tracts.

A

Lateral Pathways

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8
Q

This system includes pontine and medullary reticulospinal tracts and plays a role in antigravity reflexes and the extensor tone of the lower extremities.

A

Descending Reticular Activating System

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8
Q

The state of diminished arousal where the patient is drowsy, can open eyes and respond briefly, but easily falls asleep.

A

Lethargy

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8
Q

The process of sending signals in advance to prepare the sensorimotor systems for movement.

A

Feedforward

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8
Q

A state of diminished arousal and awareness where the patient is difficult to arouse, appears confused, and interacts poorly with their environment.

A

Obtunded State

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8
Q

A state where the patient can only be aroused with vigorous or unpleasant stimuli, showing minimal voluntary responses.

A

Stupor

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8
Q

This system maintains homeostasis and restores it after SNS activation.

A

Parasympathetic Nervous System (PNS)

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8
Q

A state in which a patient is unarousable, has no sleep-wake cycles, and does not respond to repeated painful stimuli, often requiring ventilation.

A

Coma

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8
Q

The information received during or after movement that is used for corrective actions.

A

Feedback

8
Q

The capacity to execute smooth, accurate, and controlled motor responses through functionally linked muscle groups.

A

Coordination

8
Q

Governs posture and locomotion, involving pathways such as vestibulospinal, tectospinal, pontine, and medullary reticulospinal tracts.

A

Ventromedial Pathways

8
Q

Examination showing bilateral small pupils could indicate damage to sympathetic pathways or metabolic encephalopathy.

A

Pupillary Examination - Bilateral Small Pupils

8
Q

The awareness of time, location, and personal identity is assessed under this cognitive component.

A

Orientation

8
Q

Significant memory deficits, along with confusion, agitation, and hallucinations, can indicate this condition.

A

Delirium

9
Q

What is the grading scale for reflexes?

A

0: Absent, no response
1+: Low normal, diminished
2+: Normal
3+: Brisker than normal
4+: Very brisk, hyperreflexive, with clonus
5+: Sustained clonus

9
Q

ANS responses such as heart rate, blood pressure, respiratory rate, pupil dilation, and sweating are part of this type of examination.

A

Baseline ANS Examination

9
Q

This system activates the fight or flight response during stress.

A

Sympathetic Nervous System (SNS)

9
Q

What are the scoring categories for the Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS)?

A

Severe: ≤ 8, Moderate: 9-12, Mild: 13-15.

9
Q

What might bilateral small pupils indicate?

A

Damage to the sympathetic pathway or metabolic encephalopathy.

9
Q

These drugs may degrade memory function.

A

Benzodiazepines, Anticholinergic Drugs

9
Q

Immediate registration and recall of information after a few seconds is assessed under this type of memory.

A

Immediate Memory

9
Q

Inability to remember previous learning acquired before a brain insult.

A

Retrograde Amnesia

9
Q

What is the difference between spasticity and rigidity?

A

Spasticity is velocity-dependent, while rigidity is resistance to movement independent of velocity.

9
Q

The inability to learn material acquired after a brain insult is known as what?

A

Anterograde Amnesia

9
Q

Conscious recollection of facts, past events, experiences, and places falls under this type of memory.

A

Declarative (Explicit) Memory

9
Q

What does an increased Deep Tendon Reflex (DTR) indicate?

A

It is indicative of Upper Motor Neuron (UMN) syndrome, such as in stroke.

9
Q

What is the Jendrassik Maneuver?

A

A technique where the patient hooks their fingers and pulls them apart to enhance lower extremity reflexes.

9
Q

What is the mechanism of Deep Tendon Reflexes (DTRs)?

A

DTRs result from the stimulation of stretch-sensitive IA afferents of the neuromuscular spindle, causing muscle contraction.

9
Q

What is indicated by large fixed dilated pupils?

A

Severe anoxia or drug toxicity.

9
Q

Severe anoxia or drug toxicity.

A

Speech errors related to timing, vocal quality, pitch, volume, and breath control.

9
Q

Evolving from neural, physical, and behavioral processes, this concept governs posture and movement, including both genetic reflex patterns and learned motor skills.

A

Motor Control

9
Q

What is spasticity?

A

A velocity-dependent increase in muscle tone with resistance to stretch.

9
Q

What are common causes of hypotonia?

A

Lower motor neuron syndrome, cerebellar lesions, and acute upper motor neuron lesions.

9
Q

involuntary, predictable responses to stimuli that depend on an intact reflex arc, leading to muscle contraction via a monosynaptic pathway.

A

Deep Tendon Reflexes (DTRs)

9
Q

What might a decreased Deep Tendon Reflex (DTR) suggest?

A

It may indicate Lower Motor Neuron (LMN) syndrome, cerebellar syndrome, or muscle disease.

9
Q

What is the Modified Ashworth Scale (MAS) used for?

A

Assessing muscle spasticity in patients with CNS lesions.

10
Q

Reflexes elicited by a light stroke on the skin, causing a brief muscle contraction.

A

Superficial Cutaneous Reflexes

11
Q

What does the loss of abdominal reflex suggest?

A

It may indicate a thoracic spinal cord injury.

12
Q

What are Primitive Tonic Reflexes?

A

Reflexes present during infancy as part of normal development, typically integrated by the CNS early in life.

13
Q

What does the persistence of Primitive Tonic Reflexes in adults indicate?

A

It suggests neurological involvement, often due to extensive brain damage like stroke or traumatic brain injury (TBI).

14
Q

What is the grading scale for Primitive and Tonic Reflexes?

A

0+: Absent
1+: Slight tone change with no movement
2+: Visible movement of extremities
3+: Exaggerated, full movement of extremities
4+: Obligatory and sustained movement lasting over 30 seconds

15
Q
A
16
Q
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17
Q
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N-Eval (11 decks)

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